The best Pixar movies (and the worst too) 2d4q16

Since his debut with Toy Story in 1995, the Pixar Animation Studios has continually delighted audiences with captivating stories and visually stunning animation. In this article, we present a complete list of all Pixar films, ranked according to the ratings of R. Get ready for a journey through the emotions and creativity of Pixar, from the lowest rated films to the ones that captured the hearts of millions of fans. 166o27

Cars 2 (2011) p6j6y

27st place – 39% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Cars 2

In 27th place on our list, we find Carros 2, a sequel that failed to match the brilliance of its predecessor. In this comedy-adventure animation, directed by John Lasseter and produced by Denise Ream, Lightning McQueen and his trusty tow truck friend Mater embark on an international journey to compete in the first ever World Grand Prix. The objective of the competition is to determine the fastest car in the world. However, things take an unexpected turn when Mater becomes involved with a spy ring.

Carros 2 cost approximately $200 million to produce and managed to gross over $559M monthly at the global box office. Surprisingly, this was the first Pixar film since 2001 not to be nominated for an Academy Award. Oscar in the category of Best Animated Film. While the animation maintains Pixar's standard of visual quality, its storytelling fails to keep up with the same level of creativity, leaving it with a low rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Watch right now Carros 2 available on Disney+.

Cars 3 (2017) 6y5n3i

26st place – 69% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Cars 3

In our 26th position, we have Carros 3, a sequel that explored the drama and evolution of champion Lightning McQueen. Directed by Brian Fee and produced by kevin reher, this animated adventure film delves into the life of Lightning after an accident during a thrilling race. After rolling over several times and almost dying, McQueen faces a dilemma that could change his trajectory forever: the possibility of retiring for good.

Carros 3 had a production cost of approx. $175M monthly and reached a worldwide box office of $ 383 million. This was the second Pixar franchise to have three films, following in the footsteps of Toy Story with Toy Story 3 released on 2010.

Watch right now Carros 3 available on Disney+.

light year (2022) 596v3f

25st place – 74% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Lightyear

In the 25th position we have Lightyear, a space adventure that explores the story of the legendary Buzz Lightyear and his crew. Directed by Angus McLane and produced by galyn suman, this animated adventure film features the fictional character who inspired the iconic toy of Toy Story. In an action-packed storyline, Buzz Lightyear and his team face their most challenging mission yet: defeat the evil Emperor Zurg and his army of robots.

Lightyear marked Pixar's return to theaters following the COVID-19 pandemic. The film had a production cost of approx. $200M monthly and raised approximately $226M monthly at the worldwide box office.

Watch right now Lightyear available on Disney+.

Elements (2023) 2xl5q

#24 – 74% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Elemental

We present Elements, a story that unfolds in a world where the inhabitants of the elements fire, water, earth and air coexist. In this animation, a fiery young woman and a guy who goes with the flow of life discover a surprising and elemental connection: the amount of things they have in common. Directed by peter son, this film takes us to a fantastical realm where Element City comes to life.

Elements debuted in June 2023 and had a modest start at the box office, grossing just $29,6M monthly on its opening weekend. This marked Pixar Animation's worst opening since Toy Story (1995). However, over the month and a half after its release, the film surprised by suring the mark of $400M monthly at the global box office. This made Elements the first original film to reach this milestone since the start of the pandemic, showing a surprising turnaround in its box office trajectory.

Cars (2006) 3o2t56

#23 – 75% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Cars

In 23rd position, we find Cars, an adorable road movie-style comedy from Pixar. Directed by John Lasseter e Joe Ranft, and produced by Darla K Anderson, the film takes us on a journey with the famous race car Lightning McQueen. He ends up lost in Radiator Springs, a small town on Route 66. On this journey, he discovers new friends and lessons that change his perspective on life.

Cars had a production cost of around $120M monthly and managed to raise more than $462M monthly at the worldwide box office. At the Oscar 2007, the film was nominated in the category of Best Animation, although it lost to Warner Bros.' "Happy Feet".

Watch right now Cars available on Disney+.

The Good Dinosaur (2015) 454f

22st place – 75% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: T

In 22nd position, we present The good Dinosaur, an animated adventure set in an alternate reality. Directed by peter son and produced by Denise Ream, the film explores the journey of Arlo, a gangly apatosaurus, after a traumatic event. On his way back home, he meets an unlikely companion: a human boy named Spot.

The good Dinosaur takes place in an alternate reality where the asteroid that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs did not hit Earth. In this scenario, Arlo, the apatosaurus protagonist, befriends a small human named Spot. Together they embark on a journey of self-discovery, facing their fears and challenges.

Watch right now The good Dinosaur available on Disney+.         

Brave (2012) 4s4l50

21st place – 79% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Brave

In 21st position, we have brave, an animated adventure that follows the journey of Princess Merida. Directed by Mark Andrews e Brenda chapman and produced by Katherine Safarian, the film introduces us to Merida, a young princess who defies the traditions of the kingdom by refusing to follow the custom of marrying the winner of an archery tournament.

brave had a production budget of $185M monthly and managed to raise more than $535M monthly at box office. At the Oscar 2013, the film won the award for Best Animation.

The history of brave revolves around Princess Merida, who seeks to carve her own path instead of following traditional customs. Although it was praised for featuring a strong female protagonist, the film received criticism for its narrative, especially in the second half of the story. Some analyzed the plot as an easy solution that could have been avoided, lessening the emotional impact of the story.

Watch right now brave available on Disney+.

Monsters University (2013) 691q5w

20st place – 80% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Monsters University

In 20rd position, we find University Monsters, an animation that explores the beginning of the friendship between Mike and Sulley. Directed by Dan Scanlon and produced by Kori rae, the film introduces us to the two characters as they are promising students at Monsters University.

University Monsters is the second Pixar film set in the Monsters Inc. universe, although it is not a direct chronological sequel. The film had a budget of approx. $200M monthly and raised more than $743M monthly at the worldwide box office. In 2013, the film was among the top three animated films of the year, behind Frozen e Despicable Me 2.

Watch right now University Monsters available on Disney+.

Two Brothers: A Fantastic Journey (2020) 3x232r

19st place – 88% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Onward

In 19th place, we find Two Brothers: A Fantastic Journey, Also known as Onward. Directed by Dan Scanlon and produced by Kori rae, the film introduces us to Ian and Barley, two teenage elf brothers who live in a world where magic has been replaced by technology. When they receive a wizard's staff from their late father, capable of bringing him back to life, they embark on a journey to spend another day with him.

Two Brothers: A Fantastic Journey was released shortly before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United States. The film had a budget of approx. $200M monthly and raised approximately $141M monthly at box office.

While the first half of the film may seem a little uncomfortable, the plot takes an interesting turn, subverting the notion of destiny and focusing on the journey as the real goal. The brothers' journey takes us through a series of twists and turns, filled with humor and heartwarming moments, as they come together to face unexpected challenges and discoveries.

Watch right now Two Brothers: A Fantastic Journey available on Disney+.

Luke (2021) 434x61

18st place – 91% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Luca

In 18th place we have LucaDirected by Enrico casarosa and produced by Andrea Warren. The film tells the story of Luca, a young sea monster who lives adventures alongside his new best friend, Alberto.

Luca then decides to go with Alberto to the surface, where he realizes that when he comes into with the earth, he has a human body and is able to walk, but when he touches the water his scales return. Falling in love with friendship and things that humans have created, Luca and Alberto agree to go to the nearest village and get a Vespa, so they can travel the world. They meet Júlia, a human girl and her father, and stuff themselves with gelattos and pasta while they can't say who they really are. 

The film had its theatrical release canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and was released directly on Disney+ at no additional cost. Although there is no information about the cost of production, Luca managed to earn about USD 49 million.

Watch right now Luca available on Disney+.

A Bug's Life (1998) 4b925

17st place – 92% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: A Bug’s Life

In 17th position is Insect's lifeDirected by John Lasseter e Andrew Stanton and produced by Darla K. Anderson and Keven Reher. The film follows Flik, ​​an ant full of ideas who always ends up causing trouble in his colony. When she accidentally destroys food intended for the grasshopper Hopper and his gang, Flik tries to recruit insects to help defend the colony and prevent an impending disaster.

Insect's life was the second film produced by Pixar and cost about $120M monthly to be done. The film grossed more than $363M monthly at the box office and was nominated for Oscar for Best Soundtrack in 1999.

The film chronicles Flik's adventures and his search for a solution to the problem caused by the destruction of food intended for Hopper and his gang. He tries to recruit bugs to form an army of defenders and ends up encountering a group of bugs that he believes are warriors, but are actually circus performers.

Watch right now Insect's life available on Disney+.

The Incredibles 2 (2018) 68b6e

16st place – 93% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Incredibles 2

The 16th position is occupied by The Incredibles 2, the long-awaited sequel to The Incredibles. Directed by Brad Bird and produced by John Walker and Nicole Paradis Grindle, the film continues the story of the superhero family.

The Incredibles 2 starts right at the end of The Incredibles and had a budget of $200M monthly to be produced. The film was a huge success at the box office, grossing over $1,2 billion all around the world. At nearly 2 hours in length, it is the longest film ever released by Pixar.

The Incredibles 2 rises to the challenge of following up on the success of the first film, and while it fails to match the original's innovation, it still delivers a high-quality, entertaining experience for audiences. The sequel maintains the essence of the superhero family and delivers exciting, action-packed moments.

Watch right now The Incredibles 2 available on Disney+.

Finding Dory (2016) 4mj1q

15st place – 94% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Finding Dory

In 15rd place is Procurando Dory the long awaited sequel Procurando nemo. In the film, a year after helping Marlin to find his son Nemo, Dory the fish re her beloved family and decides to do everything to find them again. She embarks on a new adventure, bumping into friends from the past and facing challenges at the hands of humans.

Procurando Dory was directed by Andrew Stanton and produced by Lindsey Collins. The film had a budget of more than $200M monthly and was a huge box office success, grossing more than $1.028 billion.

Unlike some sequels that can lose the luster of the original film, Procurando Dory is a sequel that delivers more than expected. The presence of beloved characters from the first film and the addition of new elements enrich the story. The film also does a great job of exploring Dory's complexities, providing an emotional depth that resonates with audiences. the direction of Andrew Stanton and the dubbing Ellen DeGeneres like Dory add to the quality of the film.

Watch right now Procurando Dory available on Disney+.

Red: Growing Up is a Beast (2022) 6hm59

14st place – 95% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: turning red

In 14th place we have Red: Growing up is a Beast. In the film, a teenage girl named Mei Lee has the quirk of turning into a big red panda whenever she gets nervous. The film addresses her coming-of-age journey, exploring her typical teenage insecurities and the changes she faces.

Red: Growing up is a Beast is directed by Domee shi and produced by Lindsey Collins. The film cost around $175M monthly to be produced, but had a relatively low box office, grossing only $20M monthly. However, it was very well received when it launched on Disney Plus, being considered the best debut on the platform since its launch.

While it may not reach Pixar's highest levels of excellence, Red: Growing up is a Beast continues to show that the company is committed to tackling relevant and universal topics in a sensitive and humorous way. The animation is beautiful and the story resonates with audiences of all ages.

Watch right now Red: Growing up is a Beast available on Disney+.

WALL-E (2008) 6w544m

13st place – 95% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: WALL-E

13th place is occupied by WALL-E, a Pixar masterpiece that mixes animation and adventure. The film was directed by Andrew Stanton and produced by Lindsey Collins. The story takes place in the distant future, where Earth has become an abandoned and polluted planet. The protagonist is WALL-E, a small cleaning robot who continues to perform his task even after humans have left the planet. When WALL-E meets EVE, an exploring robot, his life changes drastically, taking them on a journey involving discovery, friendship and hope.

WALL-E was an ambitious Pixar production, with a budget of approx. $180M monthly. The film achieved notable success at the box office, grossing around $521M monthly all around the world. In addition, the film received several nominations for Oscar 2009, including Best Animation, Best Original Screenplay, Sound Mixing and Sound Editing.

the direction of Andrew Stanton and Pixar's ability to create charismatic characters, even if they're robots, add to the film's strength. WALL-E is an example of how animation can be used to tell complex, thoughtful stories that resonate with children and adults alike. The mix of humor, adventure and impactful messages makes WALL-E a memorable film and one of Pixar's finest creations.

Watch right now WALL-E available on Disney Plus.

SOUL (2020) e5g6e

12st place – 95% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Soul

In 12th place, we have Soul, an animated comedy film directed by Pete Docter and produced by Dana murray. The film presents a unique story that explores deep questions about life, ion and identity. The plot revolves around Joe Gardner, a music teacher who dreams of being a jazz musician. After an accident, his soul is separated from his body and he is transported to a center where souls develop before being sent to newborns. There, he meets soul 22, and together they embark on a journey that will lead them to understand the true meaning of life.

Soul was praised for its originality and thematic depth. The film addresses existential questions in an accessible way for all ages, exploring the purpose of life, ions and what really defines a person. The visual representation of the world of souls is imaginative and unique, and the film uses a distinctive color palette to convey the different dimensions of the plot. Production cost around $150M monthly and, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was released directly on Disney+ in some countries, with a limited theatrical release in others.

Watch right now Soul available on Disney+.      

Monsters Inc (2001) 4v6w70

11st place – 96% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Monsters, Inc.

In 11th place, we have Monsters Inc, an animated comedy film directed by Pete Docter and produced by Darla K Anderson. The story takes place in the biggest scare factory in the world, Monstros SA, which generates energy from children's scares. The protagonists are James P. Sullivan, also known as Sully, an intimidating monster, and Mike Wazowski, a small one-eyed monster. When a little girl named Boo accidentally enters the world of monsters, Sully and Mike must deal with the consequences and learn important lessons about friendship and empathy.

Monsters Inc is one of the Pixar classics that captured the hearts of audiences with its engaging story and charismatic characters. The film combines comedy, adventure and emotional moments to create a memorable experience. The combination of a creative premise – the world of monsters depends on children's scares to generate energy – with lovable and hilarious characters makes Monsters Inc. one of Pixar's most beloved films. The relationship between Sully, Mike and the little girl Boo is at the heart of the story, bringing moments of humor and emotion.

Watch right now Monsters Inc available on Disney+.

Ratatouille (2007) 4o2u1y

10st place – 96% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Ratatouille

In 10th place on the list, we have Ratatouille, an animated comedy film directed by Brad Bird and produced by Brad Lewis. The story follows Remy, a mouse with a sophisticated palate and dreams of becoming a great chef. When he meets Linguini, a clumsy young man who works at a renowned restaurant in Paris, Remy begins to secretly run the kitchen through Linguini, taking them on a culinary journey full of flavors and adventures.

Ratatouille was produced with a budget of around $150M monthly and raised more than $623M monthly at the box office around the world. The film became a financial success, suring its production estimate and becoming one of the most loved animated films by audiences.

Ratatouille it also explores deeper themes, such as the power of perseverance, acceptance of differences and the search for personal and professional recognition. The detailed animation portrays cuisine in a fascinating way, transporting audiences to the vibrant gastronomic world of Paris.

Watch right now Ratatouille available on Disney+.

The Incredibles (2004) s20c

9st place – 97% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: The Incredibles

In 9th place on the list, we find The Incredibles, an animated adventure film directed by Brad Bird and produced by John Walker. The plot takes place in a world where superheroes are banned by the government and forced to live normal lives. The protagonist, Roberto Pêra, also known as Mr. Incredible, decides to resume his life as a hero when he receives a mysterious invitation to a secret mission on a remote island.

The Incredibles was produced with a budget of around $92M monthly and raised approximately $631M monthly at the box office worldwide. The film stood out as a financial and artistic success, winning over both critics and audiences.

The Incredibles is praised for its original approach to the superhero genre, exploring the consequences of their personal lives and the challenges of balancing family and heroic responsibilities. The story offers a unique look at superheroes as ordinary individuals with everyday lives.

Watch right now The Incredibles available on Disney+.

Viva: Life is a Party (2017) s2r3s

8st place – 97% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Coco

Viva: Life is a Party, ranks 8th on Rotten Tomatoes, and is an animated film that addresses the story of Miguel, a young man who wants to become a talented musician, inspired by his idol Ernesto de la Cruz. Despite music being banned for generations in his family, Miguel embarks on a journey to the colorful Land of the Dead during the Day of the Dead, where he meets a charming rogue named Héctor. Together, they seek to discover the truth about their family history.

Viva: Life is a Party had an undisclosed production budget, but estimated to be around $175-200 million. The film grossed more than $807M monthly at the worldwide box office, consolidating its financial success.

The film celebrates Mexican culture and the importance of Day of the Dead as a celebration of remembrance and respect for loved ones who have ed. The animation is praised for its visual richness and cultural depth, as well as its moving story about family and identity.

Watch right now Viva — Life is a Party available on Disney+.

Toy Story 4 (2019) 4q7

7st place – 97% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Toy Story 4

Toy Story 4 is the fourth film in the Toy Story saga and occupies 7th place in the rankings, the film follows Woody and his friends now living in little Bonnie's house. When Bonnie creates a new toy named Forky from a real fork, Woody tries to help Forky adjust to life as a toy. However, Forky escapes, leading Woody on a journey to bring him back. Along the way, Woody meets Bo Peep again and faces questions about belonging to a child and finding his own purpose.

Toy Story 4 had a production budget of approx. $200M monthly. The film was a success at the box office, grossing over US $ 1.073 billion all around the world. Despite concerns about the need for a fourth installment in the series, Toy Story 4 managed to capture the emotional and comedic essence that made the franchise such a success. The film explores themes of belonging, friendship and finding your own purpose, while introducing new characters and revisiting beloved ones.

Watch right now Toy Story 4 available on Disney+.

Up – High Adventures (2009) 2z1m5e

6st place – 98% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: UP

UP: High Adventures marks the 6th place on the list and tells the story of Carl Fredricksen, a 78-year-old balloon salesman who decides to fulfill his childhood dream of exploring South America. After tying thousands of balloons to his house, he makes them fly, but accidentally takes young boy scout Russell on an amazing adventure. Together they face challenges, discover a mysterious land and forge a unique emotional bond.

The film had a production budget of approx. $175M monthly. UP: High Adventures was a huge success at the box office, grossing over $735M monthly all around the world.

UP: High Adventures is notable not only for its incredible adventure and emotional scenes, but also for the way it deals with profound themes such as loss, friendship, and the desire to fulfill dreams. The film deftly balances heartbreaking moments with humor and action, holding the attention of audiences of all ages.

Watch right now Up — High Adventures available on Disney+.

Toy Story 3 (2010) 2z1c3i

https://youtu.be/JWXaA2qeg

5st place – 98% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Toy Story 3

Toy Story 3 is number five and follows the journey of Andy, now 17, as he prepares to leave for college. As he decides the fate of his toys, Woody, Buzz and their friends face a series of events that will lead them to a day care center, where they discover a new world full of toys and challenges.

The film had a production budget of over $200M monthly. Toy Story 3 was a huge box office success, grossing more than US $ 1,067 billion all around the world. It became the first animated film to reach the $1 billion mark at the box office.

Toy Story 3 marks the end of a thrilling trilogy that has captured the hearts of generations of moviegoers. The story explores themes of parting, growing up and coming of age, making it a touching experience for children and adults alike.

The film also introduces a new environment, the daycare center, which introduces a variety of new characters and challenges for Woody and his friends. The narrative deftly balances moments of humor, action, and emotion, keeping viewers engaged from start to finish.

Watch right now Toy Story 3 available on Disney+.

Inside Out (2015) i4zy

4st place – 98% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Inside Out

Divertida Mente delve into the emotional world of Riley, an 11-year-old girl who faces significant changes in her life when her family moves to a new city. Inside her brain, the emotions Joy, Sadness, Anger, Fear and Disgust work together to guide Riley through life's challenges. However, when Joy and Sadness find themselves outside the control room, they must embark on a journey to return and restore Riley's emotional balance.

Divertida Mente was produced with a budget of around $175M monthly. The film was a huge success at the box office, grossing over $857M monthly all around the world.

The relationship between Joy and Sadness is the heart of the story, and the journey they embark on is as much an emotional adventure as it is a journey of self-discovery. The film offers valuable lessons about the importance of all emotions and how they play a vital role in our lives.

Divertida Mente is a testament to the power of animation to convey complex messages in an accessible way, and remains a treasured gem in Pixar's filmography.

Watch right now Divertida Mente available on Disney+.

Finding Nemo (2003) 161w3g

3st place – 99% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Finding Nemo

In 3th place, Procurando nemo follows the journey of Marlin, an overprotective clownfish, who sets out on a relentless quest across the ocean to find his son Nemo, who has been captured by a scuba diver and taken to an aquarium. Along the way, Marlin is aided by Dory, a blue tang fish with a short-term memory. As Marlin and Dory face challenges and danger, Nemo befriends other fish in the aquarium while planning his own escape.

Procurando nemo was produced with a budget of around $94M monthly. The film became a huge success at the box office, grossing over $940M monthly worldwide, and was Pixar's highest-grossing film at the time of its release.

Memorable characters like Dory and the fish in the aquarium add layers of humor and warmth to the narrative. The film also captivatingly captures the beauty and diversity of the underwater world.

Watch right now Procurando nemo available on Disney+.

Toy Story (1995) 3z4g6l

2st place – 100% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Toy Story

Toy Story presents the story of Andy's toys, which come to life whenever he's not around. Led by Woody, Andy's favorite cowboy, the toys are in for a shock when a new toy, Buzz Lightyear, arrives and threatens their place of pride. When Buzz is accidentally thrown through a window, Woody embarks on a mission to rescue him, resulting in a journey of adventure and self-discovery.

Toy Story is a milestone in the history of cinema, being the first feature film produced completely in computer graphics. Directed by John Lasseter and produced by Ralph Guggenheim e Bonnie Arnold, the film had a budget of approx. $30M monthly and was a collaboration between Pixar and Walt Disney Pictures.

The animation was a huge success, raising more than $394M monthly worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing film of 1995. The film revolutionized the film industry and established Pixar as a leading force in the world of animation.

The pioneering spirit of Toy Story in computer animation and its ability to emotionally connect the audience to the protagonist toys solidified its place as one of the most iconic films in cinema history.

Watch right now Toy Story – A World of Adventures, available on Disney+.

Toy Story 2 (1999) y1u2j

1st place – 100% on Rotten Tomatoes

Original title: Toy Story 2

In the very first place, and we agree that it is deserved, it is Toy Story 2: in the movie Woody is accidentally sent to a used toy sale, where he discovers that he is a valuable item from an old toy collection. He is kidnapped by a collector who plans to sell him to a museum in Japan. Meanwhile, Buzz Lightyear and the other toys go on a rescue mission to save Woody.

Toy Story 2 is the direct sequel to the 1995 film and was directed again by John Lasseter. Although it was initially intended as a direct-to-DVD release, the quality of the film during production meant that Disney and Pixar chose to release it theatrically. The film was a critical and financial success, grossing more than $511M monthly all around the world. It continues to deepen the stories of beloved characters and expand the toy universe, earning praise for both its storytelling and its animation.

Toy Story 2 it is often cited as one of the rare sequels that sures the original film. The narrative deepens the themes of the first film and offers a new perspective on the sentimental value of toys. The introduction of the character Jessie and her heartwarming music When She Loved Me add an additional layer of emotion to the story.

Watch right now Toy Story 2 available on Disney+.

On his journey through Pixar movies, we explore both the captivating gems that moved us and the productions that failed to reach the same heights. Each film carries with it the creators' dedication and ion for telling unique stories.

Do you agree with the Rotten Tomatoes rating, or do you have your own favorites? Share your thoughts and tell us which movies won your heart! Leave your comments below and share this exciting ranking with other Pixar film and animation lovers.

See also:

One Piece: Everything you need to know before Netflix's live action

Text proofread by: Pedro Bomfim (31 / 08 / 23)