The 2m2k3r
Kubva muna Gumiguru 07, Izirayeri yakarwiswa zvakanyanya neboka rePalestine Hamas, izvo zvinopesana nekusikwa kwehurumende yechiJudha. Uku ndiko kunetsana kwave kuchiitika kwemakumi emakore uye pamwe hakuzopera chero nguva uye kune zviitiko zvakawanda. Nzwisisa pfungwa izvozvi. 4w7323
Zionism 6l6l3a
Kuti unzwisise kupokana kwazvino, zvinodikanwa kutora nhanho pfupi kumashure munguva. O Nyika yeIsrael yakagadzirwa zviri pamutemo mukati 14 May 1948, kuburikidza nechikumbiro kubva ku United Nations (UN). Ichi chisikwa chaive chikonzero chesangano rezvematongerwo enyika reZionist, rakagadzirwa nezviito zvemutori wenhau weAustro-Hungary Theodor Herzl, aivewo muJudha.
Mhedzisiro yenguva yakazadzwa nezvinodiwa nenyika kubva kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana pasi rose, Zionist, kana sangano reZionist, rakatowedzera simba nekuda kwekutambudzwa kwakaitwa vanhu vechiJudha muEurope. Nechikonzero ichi, Theodor akatenda kuti, chete nekusikwa kwehurumende yavo yekutonga, vaJudha vaizochengeteka.
Wokutanga World Zionist Congress foi yakaitwa muna 1897 uye yakaratidza kutanga kwekurongwa kwesangano. Pamusangano uyu, vatungamiri veZionist vakakurukura pfungwa yekugadza nyika yechiJudha muPalestine. Pfungwa iyi yakawana rutsigiro kubva kumaJuda pasi rese uye vazhinji vakagara muPalestine mumakumi emakore akatevera, vachitenga nzvimbo nekuvaka nharaunda, vachishandisa mutemo wekoloni.
Dambudziko nderekuti dunhu iri raigarwa zvakanyanya nemaArabu emuPalestine, izvo zvakakonzera kusawirirana kwemadzinza nezvematongerwo enyika.
Bato raitungamirirwa naHerzl rakakurudzira kusikwa kwenyika yechiJudha mukati mePalestine mushure mekutambudzwa kwakanyanya kweboka rechitendero iri (zvikuru nemigumisiro yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri), chimwe chinhu chaigara chichirambwa. Zvakakodzera kuyeuka kuti kusikwa kwenyika kune maArabu, zvakare mukati Palestine, akatokurudzirwa na onu kutsamak, asi pfungwa iyi pachayo haina kuenderera mberi.
Hondo dzeNyika mbiri 2e3o5e
Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, yakaitika kubva muna 1914 kusvika 1918, Humambo hweOttoman, hwaitonga Palestine, hwakakundwa, uye League of Nations, sangano rakatangira UN, United Nations, rakabvumira United Kingdom basa rekutonga Palestine uye edza kunyaradza nyaya yacho. MaBritish akaramba ari mudunhu iri pakati pa1917 na1948.
Asi mukati meiyi nhambo kwakanga kune wedzero mukutama kwechiJudha kunharaunda yacho, murutivi nemhaka yeboka rinokura rechiZionist. Uye izvi zvakakonzera kusawirirana pakati pevagari vemo vechiJudha nevechiArab, vainzwa vachityisidzirwa nokusvika kwevaJudha.
Nekumanikidza kuri kuwedzera kwenyika dzese, rutsigiro rwekuumbwa kwenyika yemaJuda muPalestine rwakakura zvakanyanya. Sezvo vaJudha vakawanda vakasvika ndokugara munzanga dzevarimi, kusawirirana pakati pavaJudha namaArabu kwakawedzera. Mativi ose ari maviri akaita mhirizhonga kubva panguva iyoyo.
Mumakore ekuma1930, maBritish akatanga kurambidza kutama kwevaJudha. Mukupindura, mauto echiJudha akaumbwa kurwisa maArabu eko uye kuramba hutongi hweBritain. Kwakabva kwauya Holocaust, iyo yakaita kuti vaJudha vakawanda vatize kuEurope nokuda kweBritish Palestine nenyika zhinji dzaitsigira nyika yechiJudha.
Pakati pa1941 na1945, Nazi nevabatsiri vayo zvakauraya maJuda anosvika 6 miriyoni muEurope yese, vanopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvevaJudha vari munharaunda yacho.
Kusikwa kweIsrael neUN 1m5id
Inotungamirirwa neBrazilian Oswaldo Aranha, basa rokuumba State of Israel rakaitirwa paQueens Museum, iyo yaichengetwa UN General Assembly muNew York (USA) kusvika muna 1950. Kunyange zvazvo pakanga paine kuramba kwakawanda, kupatsanurwa kwePalestine kwakabvumwa nemavhoti makumi matatu nematatu achipikisa uye gumi nematatu achipikisa. Brazil yakapinda muvhoti ikavhotera, asi Mexico neArgentina vakaramba.
Chivabvu 15, 1948, zuva rakatevera vhoti yeUN, yakaratidzwa nekupinda kwenzvimbo ichangobva kugadzirwa neEgypt, Jordan, Syria neIraq, nguva inozivikanwa sehondo yerusununguko kana rusununguko. Hondo yeArab neIsrael irikuenderera mberi nhasi, asi nekuda kwekunetsana uku, nzvimbo yakarongwa neUN yakaderedzwa ne50% panguva yekusikwa kweIsrael.
Kubva ipapo, mapoka ePalestine achipesana nekusikwa kweIsrael akaedza kutora nzvimbo nekuti ari kupokana nekusikwa kwenzvimbo yevagari vechiJudha chete. Hapana kuramba kuti, kunyangwe kutsiva kwakaitika mumakore makumi manomwe neshanu apfuura, Izirayeri akakwanisa kumira kunze sesimba guru remauto uye tekinoroji.
Kutanga kwekunetsana pakati peIsrael nePalestine 4r2p33
Kurwiswa kwakarongwa neboka rePalestine Hamas muna Gumiguru 07, 2023 ingori imwe chitsauko mugakava renzvimbo. Imwe yedzinonyanya kuzivikanwa iHondo Yemazuva matanhatu, iyo yakaitika pakati paJune 05 ne10, 1967. Muchikamu ichi chekurwisana, Israel - yakakunda - yakatora West Bank neEast Jerusalem, kuwedzera kune Gaza Strip, iyo panguva iyoyo yakanga ichidzorwa navaEgipita. Zvinoenderana nedata, 500 maPalestine aifanira kusiya misha yavo nekuda kwehondo.
Nechinyorwa ichi tinoona kutanga kwemakumi emakore ekurwisana kweArab-Israel. Munguva iyi, maJuda mazhinji aive munyika dzine maArabu mazhinji akatiza kana kudzingwa ndokusvika muIsrael. Mapoka ePalestine anonyanyisa, akadai seHamas, ane mhosva yekurwiswa kwakanyanya kwazvino uye rimwe remapoka makuru emagandanga ari mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo, akatanga kurwiswa neIsrael. Zvichakadaro, mapoka echiJudha anonyanyisa akadai saRehava anorwisawo nzvimbo dzePalestine.
A Palestine Liberation Organisation, kana PLO, iyo yakanga yaumbwa kuma1960 kutsvaga nyika yePalestine, yakarwa neIsrael, kuburikidza nezviito zvehugandanga.
Pakutanga, PLO yaida zvese zvanga zviri zveBritish Palestine, ndiko kuti, kuguma kweNyika yeIsrael. Kurwa pakati peIsrael nePLO kwakaenderera kwemakore, kusanganisira a Kupinda kweIsrael muRebhanoni muna 1982 kudzinga boka kubva kuBeirut. Pamusoro pePLO, Palestine yaivewo nemamwe mapoka akati wandei ekupikisa.
Parizvino, Nyika yeIsrael ichiri kutonga West Jerusalem neWest Bank, ine matembere akati wandei anoshandira maKristu, maJuda nemaMuslim. Israel yakabuda muGaza Strip muna 2005 uye, kubvira 2007, boka reIslam Hamas, iro rakakonzera kurwiswa kweMugovera wapfuura, rakadzora chikamu ichi chePalestine.
Hurukuro zhinji dzakavhurwa nenzanga yenyika mukati mekurwisana uku. Mhinduro inonzwisisika ingave yekusika nyika yePalestine inogarisana neIsrael, asi mativi ese ane misiyano inodzivirira izvi kuti zvisaenderere mberi.
Pakati pezvikonzero zvinodzivirira kupera kwemakakatanwa, pane kuvharwa kwezviremera zveIsrael izvo zvinotadzisa maPalestine kudzokera kumisha yavo, iyo yava chikamu chenzvimbo yeIsrael. Mamiriro eJerusarema anorambwawo nevakuru vePalestine, pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kweIsrael iri imwe yenyaya dzakavhurika dzisingabvumirani nevatungamiriri vePalestine.
Basa nechisimba 5u3le
Nyika yeIsrael yakangoitwa pamutemo muna 1948, asi anti-Semitism (kuvenga uye kusarura vaJudha) kwave kuripo muPalestine kubva 1920. Nekusikwa kwePalestinian National Movement, vaJudha vakasvika munharaunda vakabatwa sevavengi kubva masikati. Poshi. Ichi chaive chimwe chezvikonzero zvakaita kuti Nyika yeIsrael igadzirwe: chaizvo kuve nenzvimbo yekunyaradza yemaJuda pakati pekusatenderwa kwakawanda kwenzvimbo.
Makore ekuma30 nema40 akaonekwazve nekumuka kweNazi, uye maJuda akapona pakurwisa kwaHitler nevabatsiri vake vakatsvaga pekugara muPalestine. Kare muna 1948, kunyangwe zvakatsoropodzwa, kusikwa kweIsrael kwakaunzawo matambudziko kune maPalestine.
Nekugarwa kweWest Bank neGaza Strip, vatungamiri veIsrael avo vakaraira kupambwa vakatanga kuita mutemo usina kuenzana wevagari vemo: MaJuda vaionekwa sevagari vemo uye vaive nekodzero, asi maArabu nemaPalestine havana. Hondo yakapera muna 1949 uye yakakonzera kudzingwa kwevaPalestine 750 50 vakatanga kugara sevapoteri musangano rinozivikanwa se "Nakba exodus". Nekuda kwekudzingwa kwevaPalestine, Israel yakawedzera dunhu neXNUMX%.
Kuzvidzwa kwacho kwakaita kuti nzvimbo yakatenderedza yeIsrael itorwe nemapoka ezvitendero zvemesiya ari kure-kurudyi anodzivirira maIsrael kubva kuWest Bank neGaza Strip. Nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti, zvinosuruvarisa, kukakavara kwakadaro kwakaunzawo matambudziko (nengozi) kune vePalestine nekuda kwekunetsana uye mhirizhonga yemapoka aya.
Hondo munharaunda 4v623o
Kubva pakasikwa Israel muna 1948, dunhu iri rakaona hondo dzakati wandei, kusanganisira Hondo yeSuez muna 1956, Hondo yeMazuva matanhatu muna 1967, Hondo yeYom Kippur muna 1973, uye kumwe kukakavara kudiki. Hondo idzi dzaiwanzobatanidza nyika dzechiArab dzakavakidzana uye dzaikonzera kuparadza kukuru uye kurasikirwa neupenyu.
Paivewo nembiri intifadas, yakakurumbira kumukira kwePalestine kupokana nekugara kweIsrael. A Intifada yekutanga, akatanga em 1987, yakaratidzwa nekuratidzira kwerunyararo kwekutanga kwakazoita kurwisana kunotyisa nemauto eIsrael. Zvairatidza chido chevaPalestine chekuzvisunungura kubva kuhugaro hweIsrael uye kuwana kuzvitonga.
Os Oslo Zvibvumirano muna 1993, iyo yaifanirwa kunge iri nhanho huru yekutanga yekubuda kweIsrael kubva munzvimbo dzePalestine uye kusikwa kwePalestine yakazvimirira, yakagumisa Intifada yekutanga, asi mhedzisiro yayo yezvematongerwo enyika uye yenzvimbo inoramba ichikanganisa gakava nanhasi.
Kune rimwe divi, iyo Yechipiri Intifadha, izvo zvakatanga em 2000 uye Hamasi yakanga ine chisimba uye inouraya kupfuura yokutanga. Zvakakonzerwa nezviitiko zvakatevedzana, kusanganisira kushanya kwaAriel Sharon kuEsplanada das Mesquitas. Mhirizhonga yakawedzera nekukurumidza, nekurwiswa kwemagandanga ePalestine uye mhinduro dzemauto eIsrael.
Munguva iyi, kugadzirwa kwe rusvingo rwakaparadzaniswa naIsraeri uye kuwedzera kwekugara munharaunda yePalestine kwakawedzerawo kusawirirana. Kuedza kweIsrael kunoonekwa kwete sekugadzirisa kusawirirana, asi kuti, kuigadzirisa.
Hondo yeJerusarema 561b50
Mushure meHondo Yemazuva matanhatu, Israel yakakunda East Jerusalem neGuta Rekare, iro rinosanganisira Esplanade yeMosque. Israel yakabatanidza Jerusarema seguta guru, iro rinotora East Jerusalem senzvimbo inogarwa.
Nzvimbo iyi yagara ichinzi itsvene nezvitendero zvakasiyana. KuvaJudha, inzvimbo yeTemberi Tsvene uye guta iro Mambo David akavamba guta rake guru. Kune maKristu, inzvimbo yekurovererwa nekumuka kwaJesu Kristu. Kune maMuslim, inzvimbo yeAl-Aqsa Mosque, yechitatu nzvimbo inoera muIslam, mushure meMecca neMedina. Muchidimbu, inzvimbo yakakosha zvakanyanya kune wese anobatanidzwa.
Dambudziko guru nderekuti nyika dzose (Palestine neIsrael) dzinoda kuti Jerusarema rive guta guru radzo. Nharaunda yepasi rose haigamuchire kuti Israeri ine nzvimbo seguta guru, uye kuti izvi zvinofanirwa kugadziriswa pakati pevaIsrael nePalestine.
Izirayeri shuwa kuti zvese Jerusarema, kusanganisira chikamu chekuMabvazuva, chinozivikanwa seguta guru. Zvichakadaro, maPalestine anotenda kuti Jerusarema rekuMadokero rinofanira kutorwa seguta guru renyika remangwana rePalestine. Jerusarema rinowanzova nzvimbo yekunetsana, kunetsana uye mhirizhonga. Zviitiko izvi zvinowanzo kukonzerwa nekukakavadzana pamusoro pekuwana Esplanade yeMosque uye kuvakwa kwekugara kwemaJuda muEast Jerusalem. Kuratidzira uye kurwisana kunowanzoitika munzvimbo dzakasanganiswa dzechiJudha neArab muguta.
Kunetsana kwazvino pakati peIsrael neHamas 2867l
O Hamas yakagadzirwa muna 1987 uye zita rayo ipfupiso ye Islamic Resistance Movement. Yakabuda muvacheche vekutanga, inonziwo kumukirana, panguva yekugara kweIsrael kuWest Bank neGaza Strip. Mugwaro rayo rekuvamba, Hamas yakataura kuti zvinhu zviviri zvayakatarisana nazvo kusimudzira kurwisana neIsrael uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.
Ichionekwa seboka remagandanga nenyika uye masangano ezvehupfumi akadai seUnited States, European Union, United Kingdom nemamwe masimba epasi rose, Hamas inogona kutorwa semubatanidzwa wepasi rose unosanganisira Iran, Syria neShiite Islamic boka reHezbollah muLebanon. Vanopokana negwara rakatorwa muUSA neMiddle East.
Muna 2007, gwaro rekutanga reHamas rakagadziridzwa kuti ritaure kuti kurwa hakusi kurwisa maJuda, asi kuti "kubata vapambi veZionist." Zvisinei neizvi, kurwiswa kunogara kuchiitwa neboka reIslam paIsrael.
Muna 2006, iyo Hamas vakakwanisa kuhwina sarudzo dzemutemo muGaza Strip muna 2006 uye vakadzinga masimba ePalestine kubva muhurumende yenzvimbo. Izvi zvakaitika nekuti Bato rePalestine National Authority (PNA) rakatadza kutonga dunhu nekuda kwezvinonyadzisa zvakawanda, sekuoma mitezo kwehurongwa hwerunyararo nehuwori.
Chii chakaitika kubva Gumiguru 07? 4c2e5c
Mugovera wekutanga waGumiguru 2023 wakaratidzwa nekurwiswa kusinganzwisisike kwakaitwa neHamas kuIsrael, nechikonzero chekuti boka reIslam raitora nharaunda yaimbove yePalestine. Chiitiko ichi chatova chimwe chekurwisa kukuru kwakaitika muIsrael, uye mabhomba anopfuura zviuru zvishanu akadonhedzwa mukurwisa kumwe chete.
Ikozvino guta guru reTel Aviv rakanga rakuvadza zvivako uye, musi weMugovera chete, kufa kwe700 kwakanyorwa, kusanganisira 260 vanhu vakapinda mumutambo wemimhanzi yemagetsi. MuGaza, vanhu mazana mashanu nemakumi matanhatu vakafa mushure mekunge Israel yatanga kurwisa ndege mukutsiva, maererano nePalestinian Authority.
Vakuru vemauto eIsrael vakafananidza kurwiswa kweHamas ne 11 2001 yeSeptember (kurwiswa kwemapatya muNew York) uye Mutungamiriri weIsrael Benjamin Netanyahu vakataura neMuvhuro uno kuti kutsiva kweHamas muGaza Strip mumazuva achangopfuura "ndiko kutanga". Mumwe musoja akaenzanisa zviitiko zvichangobva kuitika nekurwiswa kwe Pearl Harbor, yakaitwa muna 1941.
Panguva yekunyora, zviremera zveIsrael zvakasimbisa kuti kutonga kwenharaunda dzese pedyo neGaza barriers kwadzoserwa, asi kurwisana nevarume vePalestine vane zvombo kuri kuramba kuchiitika. Israel yakataurawo kuti "mazhinji" eGaza nzvimbo dzekupinda dzakavharwa, kunyanya nematangi. Zvokandwa zvakaridzirwa Israeri uye kuputika kwakanzwika muJerusarema.
Kune vanhu vekuBrazil vakakuvara mukusangana kweIsrael? 2t2v6y
Maererano nekufungidzira kweImaraty, 14 zviuru zveBrazil vanogara muIsrael uye imwe 6 zviuru vanogara muPalestine. Data yepamutemo inoratidza kuti 2 maBrazilians akashaika uye 1 akakuvara, asi ruzhinji runogara kunze kwenzvimbo yekurwisana. Kurudyi, Rafael Zimmerman anogona kuonekwa achipora kubva kune grenade shrapnel.
Hurumende yemubatanidzwa yakazviita kuti iwanikwe kune vekuBrazil vakakumbira kudzoka munyika uye ndege kubva kuBrazilian Air Force (FAB) ichadzosera vanhu ava kumusha. Hapasati pasati pave nefungidziro yekumisa pfuti uye Mutungamiri Lula vakati variko "kukatyamadzwa nekurwiswa kwemagandanga kuri kuitwa nhasi kune vanhuwo zvavo muIsrael, izvo zvakakonzera vanhu vazhinji". Ministry of Foreign Affairs yakaburitsawo chirevo pamusoro pemakakatanwa aya:
Brazil inodemba kuti muna 2023, gore rekurangarira makore makumi matatu eOslo Peace Accords, kuchave nekuderera kwakanyanya uye kuri kukura mumamiriro ekuchengetedza pakati peIsrael nePalestine. SeMutungamiriri weUnited Nations Security Council, Brazil ichadaidza musangano wechimbichimbi wemutumbi. Hurumende yeBrazil inodzokorora kuzvipira kwayo pakugadzirisa nyika mbiri, nePalestine neIsrael vachigara pamwechete murunyararo nekuchengetedzeka, mukati memiganhu yakabvumiranwa uye inozivikanwa pasi rose. Inotsinhirawo zvakare kuti kungotonga kwegakava hakuite imwe nzira inogoneka yekugadzirisa nyaya yeIsrael-Palestine, uye kuti kutangwazve kwenhaurirano dzerunyararo kunofanirwa kukurumidza.
Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs pagakava riri muIsrael.
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Onawo
Kutyisidzira kwa2023 kuhupfumi hwenyika nezvematongerwo enyika
Neruzivo: G1 l BBC News Brazil l BBC.COM l RFI l CNN Brazil
Yakaongororwa na Glaucon Vital musi wa9/10/23.
