The 2m2k3r
Zvinoita kunge ngano, asi kuchine chikamu chikuru chenzanga chinobvunza chokwadi che kuverenga online. Kwete izvozvo chete, asi inoisa mushe kana ichienzaniswa nemabhuku. Zvinoita sezvinotsvedza nepakati pezvigunwe, uye, semapeji eyero akasakara, yakanga isiri kare kare kuti kutendeseka kwemanovhero kwaive, munguva yayo, kubvunzurudzwa, kutukwa uye kunyombwa. 4q6a5m
Vaiwanzopomerwa kutungamirira vadi vavo vanoshingaira zvikuru mukukanganisa kusingapembedziki uye, kuzvinangwa zvose nezvinangwa, zvinokwanisa kuvaparadza nokuda kwekushanda kweupenyu chaihwo. Unonzwika wakajaira?
Izvi zvinotarisirwa, uye zvakare kusarura mumhando mbiri dzekuverenga, kwakava kudzidza kuyunivhesiti. Mushure mezvose, tekinoroji nemabhuku zvine zvakawanda zvakafanana. Murondedzero yake pane inonzi phenomenon "kuverenga kusachengeteka", Katy Waldman inotsanangura mamiriro ekunze aripo iye zvino semugumisiro usingadzivisiki wekutaura.
Asi zvinopfuura izvozvo, zvisinei. Izvo zvinoedza kudzidza kwake hakusi kushora kuverenga kweinternet kune kukanganisa kwekuverenga kwechinyakare, asi panzvimbo pekumisa kufanana pakati pemaitiro maviri aya, senzira yekunyora hysteria pamusoro pemaitiro ehudiki.
Kuverenga uye kwaanovimbwa naye 3y2w18
Chikamu chekunzwa kuti kuverenga online kwakaderera kune kunonzi kuverenga kwechinyakare haisi pfungwa iripo chete nekuti itsika yevechidiki. Kunyangwe izvi zviri izvo zvinokonzeresa kumwe kusarura. Panyaya iyi, Katy anoti “mabhuku nezvinyorwa zvinoongorora maverengero atinoita iye zvino” uye “ongororo dzakatevedzana dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vanoverenga Indaneti zvakasiyana nemaverengero avanoverenga mabhuku.”
Katy anoenderera mberi uye anofananidzira kuverenga munhoroondo yezvakaitika kare, achicherechedza kuti mutauro unotaurwa wakagara uchiratidzwa seusingavimbiki, izvi zvingava zvechokwadi kunyanya mutauro unotaurwa nevakadzi. Waldman akanyora kuti:
"Ini handigone kuita asi kufunga kuti gakava guru rakatenderedza 'kutaura uye kuverenga' - hunhu hwekutsvedza hweumwe huchipesana nechiremera chakatsiga cheumwe - wadzoka, rudzi. Panguva ino tinokanda tekinoroji nyowani seisina kuvimbika uye bhuku rakadhindwa rakafanana nerechokwadi sesosi yakavimbika. ”
Katy Waldman - Kusachengeteka kwekuverenga.
Chinoguma chabatanidza gakava pamwe ichokwadi chekuti, zvisingadzivisiki, chinoita kuti mabhuku nhasi anakirwe nezvimwe zvikonzero zvikonzero zvimwe chete izvo zvakashorwa panguva yavo. Vazhinji vavo vane chekuita nekugona kwavo kuita uye hukama hwakasimba nekuita zvemuromo uye hudiki.
Madame Bovary pamberi penguva yake 1bp32
Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kunyange mabhuku anonyora nhoroondo haana kukwanisa kutiza mutemo wekutongwa. Hatigone kukanganwa kuti, munguva yayo, rudo rwakakwana, Madame Bovary (1856) akatongerwa pakati pake. Uye zvakaenderera mberi, sekune vazhinji, kwaiita sekupemberera kukuru kwerudo rwerudo kwaingova kungotsoropodza.
Mubhuku rake, Gustave Flaubert anotsanangura wechidiki Emma Bovary uyo "akasvibisa maoko ake nemabhuku akakweretwa kubva kumaraibhurari ekare." Zvese zvinoverengwa naEmma zvinonakidza zvichienzaniswa nehupenyu hwake. Asati aroora, aifunga kuti akanga ari murudo; asi mufaro waifanira kutevera rudo urwu hauna kuuya, uye iyewo, akanzwa anyengerwa.
Zvaasina kuwana muwanano yake, Emma akaedza kutsvaga kuti chii chinonzi mufaro, chido, kubvutwa, izvo zvaiita sezvakanaka kwazvo kwaari mumabhuku, mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda. Mumaoko evamwe varume. Upombwe. Scandal. Novel pamberi penguva yayo.
Mukukonana kwaEmma Bovary nezviroto zvake zvemasikati, Flaubert ari kufambisa zana rekunetsekana pamusoro pevakadzi vadiki vanonyanya kubatwa nefungidziro dzavanosangana nadzo mumanovhero erudo uye kunyengerwa kwekuverenga.
Kuna Katy Waldman, zano raMadam Bovary harina musoro. Sezvo, kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 kusvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, akawedzera, vakadzi vairangarirwa vari mungozi yokusakwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pengano noupenyu.
MuMadame Bovary, Flaubert anogona kunge ari kugadzirira zvimwe zvekushushikana kwake, achinyatsobvaruka pakati peiyi fungidziro yerudo uye rudzi rwechokwadi, izvo zvaizobudirira iyi avant-garde.
Chikamu chaMadame Bovary ndiFlaubert ari kuyedza kuburitsa fungidziro yake yerudo ine simba. Uye kutorwa kune mhedzisiro ine simba chaizvo. Nekushoropodza Emma, anoshoropodza nzanga yese yakabatikana nepamusoro.
Austen uye hysteria yekunyanyisa 1t435q
Kuenda kumashure kunouya Jane Austen, uyo, achitevera muenzaniso waFlaubert, aive mumwe munyori wenhau aitamba nemazano nezvekuverenga. In Northanger Abbey (1817) Austen anotaura nyaya yaCatherine Morland, mudiwa werudo uyo kuverenga kwake kunomuita kuti atende kuti murume waari kugara naye imhondi.
Catherine mukadzi wechidiki chaiye asingakwanisi kusiyanisa chokwadi nengano. Asi haadi kutsoropodza protagonist wake nehasha. Pane kudaro. Austen chimwe chinhu cheshasha pakusekesa zvakawandisa, asi ari kurumbidzawo kugona kwemanovhero kukudziridza kutonga uye kuravira.
Kurava kwavakadzi, zvikurukuru pwere, nguva dzose kwakanga kwakabatanidzwa nokupisa kwezvishuvo zvevatano; nepfungwa dzakasimba uye dzakasununguka; nekuzvikudza; nekuedza kupidigura chimiro chaivepo. A Northanger Abbey inoseka pfungwa yenzanga yairatidza vakadzi semapenzi zvokuti vaisakwanisa kusiyanisa chokwadi nengano.
Kufanana kwatinogona kutora, semuenzaniso, nerusaruro rwese pamusoro penharaunda dze fan fiction. Ndiani asati azviwana achitsoropodza chimiro ichi chekuverenga online? Kana kunyangwe nezvatinoverenga pasocial media. Kunyange zvazvo kutya kwanhasi kwakasiyana nekwaAusten—kunyanya kunangidzirwa pane zvatinowana paInternet pane kududzira kwatinoita zvatinoverenga—pane zvimwe zvakafanana.
Kuzvidya mwoyo kwedu kwemazuva ano pamusoro pekuverenga kunoratidza kusavimba kuti munhu anokwanisa kusiyanisa zvinhu zvakanaka kubva kune zvakaipa kana kushandisa ruzivo rwaanotora nenzira inobudirira, inovaka, uye isina ngozi.
Kune rumwe rutivi rwemari, icho chaimboonekwa semutoro pamabhuku zvino chave kurumbidzwa sesimba rinofanirwa kuverengerwa. Nhasi, vazhinji vanokoshesa zvinyorwa zvekusimudzira gwara, kutarisa. Izvo, kune vamwe vevatsoropodzi vezana ramakore regumi nemasere neregumi nepfumbamwe renovhero, kurasika ndiro raive dambudziko chairo.
Chokwadika, nzira yatinobvumira nayo zvimwe zvinobudisa nhau kutipinza mundangariro dzedu haisati ichitongonetswa. Hurukuro yazvino uno yepwere nemitambo yemavhidhiyo ingave iri maungira ari kure ekare pamusoro pepwere norudo.
Asi pfungwa yose yokuti mabhuku anogona kuva ane ngozi inoratidzika kuva yakawira munzira, izvo zvinomutsa mubvunzo wokuti manyuko matsva anhasi evaraidzo nemashoko acharatidzika sei kuvatsoropodzi nenyanzvi dzomunguva yemberi.
Makore makumi mashanu kubva ikozvino, tinogona kudemba kusakwanisa kwedu kuverenga online nenzira inogutsa. Chii chichatikurudzira mune ramangwana? Parizvino, ingoisa mabheti uye, kana zvikaitika, kwira nostalgia.
fnezuro: New York Times
