Mangani uye ndeapi masatellite ari mu orbit? 4i2b3j

Usati waziva zvakawanda nezve masatellite aripo pari zvino mukutenderera, zvakakosha kuti uzive zvaanomiririra uye zvaanoreva. Satellite yakakamurwa kuva marudzi maviri: zvakasikwa uye iyo artificial, yekutanga ichitaura nezvemuviri wekudenga unotenderera muviri mukuru - Mwedzi maererano nePasi, somuenzaniso - apo chechipiri chinoumbwa nemidziyo yakagadzirwa uye yakapinzwa muchadenga nemunhu kuti atenderere pasi redu.  191z6v

Pano, masatellite ari mu orbit ari ekugadzira achakurukurwa zvakadzama. Ndivo vanoita matekinoroji akadai GPS, terevhizheni neredhiyo masaini, kuwana internet, kutaurirana uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvakakosha zviwanikwa kuhurumende neruzhinji rwevanhu. Mumwe muenzaniso wekukosha kwemasatelliti aya mukutenderera kune hukama nemunda wesainzi, kana angotangwa, anozopedzisira ashanda sechombo chekutarisa nzvimbo uye nekudaro achiunza ruzivo rutsva zuva rega rega.

Kune rimwe divi, iyi tekinoroji kufambira mberi kwakanaka. Nekune rimwe divi, isu tinoziva kuti pane gakava rakakura pakati pemakambani emadhora emadhora akatarisana nehunyanzvi hwesainzi nesainzi kuti aongorore chete zvese zvinogoneka zviwanikwa munzvimbo nekuda kwekufambira mberi kweinternet. Inopfuura hafu ye 4.550 satellites iyo inotenderera Pasi dzinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokukurukura, uye nhamba yacho iri kuwedzera chete.

Tarisa girafu iri pasi apa nemashoko makuru achavharwa munyaya ino, kusanganisira makambani makuru emuchadenga, ayo ma satellite ari mu orbit, mangani ma satellite aripo, nhamba yeBrazilian satellite, pakati pevamwe.

Kubva pakuongorora kweboka rekutsvakurudza pa DEWESoft - kambani inyanzvi data acquisition systems - pane data yakaunganidzwa nemitumbi UCS Satellite Database, ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institutee Space Foundation, runyoro rwevaridzi makumi mashanu emasatelliti mazhinji muEarth orbit yakagadzirwa. Kana iwe uchida kuziva, mujaho uyu, kubva munaGunyana 50, ndiyo kambani SpaceX iyo iri kutungamira nzira nechirongwa chayo chesatellite Starlink, ine 36% yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa muorbit zvichibva mairi, ndiko kuti, zvinopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chezvose. 

Iyi domain ine zita rakabudirira ki kwaro raungazive: Elon musk. Ndiye muridzi wekambani SpaceX uye ine chinangwa chekupa high-speed Broadband Internet kuwana kuburikidza nebasa rayo idzva Starlink. Mukuedza uku, sangano parizvino rinopawo kutakurwa kwemasatelliti kubva kune mamwe makambani kuti atenderere pamaroketi ayo pamutengo weUS $ 1 miriyoni (R$ 4.743.148,82 yakashandurwa kuita reais), iyo yakavhura mikana yemamwe masatellite ekutengesa akaburitswa. .

Ndeipi nyika ine masatellite akawanda muEarth orbit? 5x6d1g

Hazvishamisi kuti United States kuhwina bhiri iri. Vari 2.804 masatellite eAmerica pamwe chete, nokuti ikozvino, vanoumba inopfuura hafu yenhamba yezvakagadzirwa satellites mu orbit. Panzvimbo yechipiri panouya China ne467; muchitatu, United Kingdom ine 349; muchina, Russia ine 168, uye yechishanu, Japan nemasatelliti makumi mapfumbamwe nematatu. Muchirongwa ichi, Brazil parizvino iri pachinzvimbo chechi16 ine 16 satellite mu orbit.

Ndeapi marudzi mana ekutenderera kweNyika? hd5h

Kune marudzi mana enzira dzakatenderedza Nyika umo ma satellite anowanikwa: low Earth orbit (LEO) - low-altitude Earth orbit -, medium Earth orbit (MEO) - kukwirira kwepakati Earth orbit -, yakanyanya elliptical orbit (HEO) - inclined elliptical orbit -, uye geosynchronous orbit (GSO)/geostationary orbit (GEO) - geosynchronous uye geostationary Earth orbits. 

Anopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvemasatellite arimo pasi-altitude Earth orbit (LEO). Iine masatelliti ayo anowanzo shandiswa kutaurirana uye kure kure sensing system. Somuenzaniso, the Starlink do SpaceX, teresikopu yemuchadenga Hubble and the International Space Station (ISS- International Space Station).

The geosynchronous/geostationary Earth orbit (GSO/GEO) idanho rechipiri rine masatelliti akawanda, anosvika mazana mashanu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu kusvika parizvino. Inoshandiswa pakuita zvekufonerana uye kutarisa kwepasi. Nekuda kwekuti dzine masipidhi anoenzana nekutenderera kweNyika uye zvinhu zvinotenderera Equator, manzwiro anobuda ndeekuti masatelliti aya ane nzvimbo yaakamisa.

Kana iri Medium Altitude Earth Orbit (MEO), kune 139 inoshanda setiraiti yemasevhisi ane chekuita nekufamba masisitimu (GPS, semuenzaniso). About inclined elliptical orbit (HEO), kune makumi mashanu nenhanhatu masetelliti anoshandiswa kutaurirana, maredhiyo uye maremote sensing. Musiyano uripo pakati pedanda iri nemamwe ndewekuti orbit iyi ine poindi iri pedyo nePasi - inonzi perigee, 56 km kubva panyika - uye imwe iri kure - inonzi apogee, 1.000 km kubva. 

Sezvambotaurwa, maitiro emasatellite ari mu orbit ari kungowedzera. Chokwadi, kambani SpaceX chinangwa chokutanga 42.000 satellites munzvimbo yemakumi maviri emakore anotevera. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve ma satellite ari mu orbit, shanyira webhusaiti Satellite Map, yakagadzirwa na ESRI. Interactively, ine akati wandei mafirita kuwana ruzivo rwaunoda kutenderedza pasi. Huwandu hwese satellite maererano newebhusaiti ndeye 19.138.

Space junk, kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye mamwe matambudziko u3h1h

Ichokwadi kuti kwatove nenhamba huru yemasatellite mukati pasi-altitude Earth orbit (LEO). Zvakadaro, makambani akazvimirira ari kuunganidza ega mega constellations nemidziyo yega yega kuti igadzire nekukurumidza internet network - senge Starlink - uye kuongorora kwakadzama kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. 

Maererano nenyanzvi yenyeredzi ye Yunivhesiti yeBritish Columbia, Aaron Boley, zvese izvi kufamba kune chikamu chemakambani akadai SpaceX, OneWeb, Amazon e StarNet/GW Izvi zviri kuitika zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuderera kwemitengo munguva pfupi yapfuura. Saka chii chaizvo chiri kunetsa pane zvese izvi?

Mubvunzurudzo newebhusaiti Live Live Science, Boley anotsanangura kuti: 

“Izvi zvinokonzeresa dambudziko rekufambiswa kwemuchadenga uye zvichawedzera kuwanda kwemarara emuchadenga. Zviri kukanganisa ruzivo rwenyeredzi uye kutarisa nyeredzi, uyezve, kuputika kweroketi uye kupinda zvakare kunokonzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo. "

Kumwe kufunga kwakakosha kunofanira kuitisana nharo kunosanganisira pfungwa dzinotevera: kuwanda kwemasatelliti ari mukutenderera, ndiko kunowedzera mukana wekudhumhana uye, nokudaro, kuwedzera kwenhamba yemarara emuchadenga. Maererano ne London Natural History Museum, kwatova nezvikamu zvinosvika mamiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri nemasere emarara muLEO, 128 ayo akakura kupfuura masendimita gumi. Pamusoro pekudhumhana, Aaron Boley anonongedza kuti kune zvakare mikana yekuti masatellite atyoke nekuda kwekuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune yakanyanya ultraviolet mwaranzi. 

Os Zvimedu zvemuchadenga zvine njodzi uye zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara kusingagadzirike kune mamwe masatellite ari mu orbit, pamwe nekusvika muspacecraft. Muna June 2021, iyo International Space Station foi asvika nemarara akakuvadza ruoko rwerobhoti. Sezvineiwo, vazivi vemuchadenga vakakwanisa kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu uye mabasa ezvikamu haana kukuvara.

Kusvibiswa kweatmospheric

Kana zviri zvekusvibisa, chokwadi, indasitiri yemuchadenga inogadzira kabhoni shoma pane mamwe masekete - akadai sendege, semuenzaniso. Maererano ne The Guardian, mukuvhurwa kumwe chete, roketi rinoburitsa avhareji yematani mazana matatu nemakumi matatu ecarbon mumhepo yePasi. Zvinoita senge zvakawanda, asi zvichienzaniswa nendege dzepakati nepakati nedzekureba dzinoburitsa matani maviri kusvika matatu ecarbon pamunhu wese - tichirangarira kuti kune nzendo dzakawanda chero nguva -, haina kukanganisa kukuru.

Dambudziko chairo nderekuti kuburitsa ma satellite mu orbit, roketi kuvhurwa kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa. Naizvozvo, maererano ne The Guardian, carbon emissions muchikamu ichi yakawedzera ne5,6% pagore. Boley anowedzerawo kuti, sezvo ma satellite anobva ku orbit achidzokera kumhepo yePasi, kemikari inoburitswa. Kudzidza kwake pamusoro pemapoka makuru enyeredzi kunoratidza kuti mune ramangwana izvi Kudzosa masetelliti kunogona kuunza zvimwe zvinhu, zvakaita sealuminium, mumhepo. Hapasati paine humbowo hwechokwadi hwekukanganisa kunogona kukonzera, asi masayendisiti ari kunetsekana nezve ozone layer - iyo yatova nemakomba. 

Kunyange zvazvo kunewo hanya pamusoro petapuro yesatelliti apo inosangana nepasi, michina yemazuva ano yakawanda yakagadzirirwa kupatsanura kuva mativi maduku apo inopinda mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi ndokupinda sezvinhu zvishomanene sezvinobvira. Kunyange zvakadaro, marara akawanda emuchadenga anodonha anoguma amhara pamusoro pemvura yePasi.

Imwe mhando yekusvibiswa: chiedza

Sezvo basa rema satellite mu orbit richiwedzera, zvinotarisirwa kuti mune ramangwana Zvichakwanisika kuvaona pano kubva kuNyika. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti michina yesimbi inogona kuita semagirazi anoratidza mwenje kumashure - uye izvi zvinogona kukanganisa zvakananga maonero edenga rehusiku.

Pamusoro pekuongorora marara emuchadenga ane chekuita nemasatellite anotenderera, Aaron Boley akaitawo a kudzidza pakusvibiswa kwechiedza, zvakanyorwa pamwe uye zvakaburitswa mudhatabhesi arXiv munaGunyana 2021. Tsvagiridzo inoti mune ramangwana, inosvika 8% yechiedza chiri muchadenga chehusiku chinogona kubva kumasatelliti. Anoshuma zvakare kuti nzvimbo dziri padyo ne50 madhigirii kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba - seBritish Columbia nePatagonia, semuenzaniso - dzinogona kusangana nekusvibiswa kwechiedza kubva kumasetelliti zvakaipisisa kupfuura dzimwe nzvimbo.

Mune ramangwana, imwe pa "nyeredzi" gumi dziri mudenga inogona kunge iri satellite. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa kutarisa nyeredzi mune zvese, uye kunyanya zvinokanganisa basa renyanzvi dzemuchadenga. "Imwe tsvakiridzo yezvemuchadenga inongoona zvine mwero zvinokanganisa, asi mhedzisiro pakutsvagisa-yakafara nzvimbo inogona kuve yakakura.", anopedzisa Boley.

Kukura kwemasatelliti muorbit kwakaipa here? 1d4d2h

Kwete hazvo. Hazvirambiki kuti huwandu hwema satellite ari kuiswa mu orbit uye zvirongwa zvezviuru zvezvimwe zvinotumirwa inyevero huru yekukura kwemarara emuchadenga uye kuwedzera kukuru kwekusvibiswa. Asi, panguva imwecheteyo, ndezvekuda kwezvishandiso izvi izvo zvikamu zvakaita sekutaurirana, sainzi, network uye mepu zviri kuwedzera kufambira mberi.

Muchokwadi, Boley anoti:

"Isu takabatana zvakanyanya nemasatellite ari mu orbit. Ivo vanoita basa rakakosha mukutengesa kwedu, kutengeserana kwemari, kutarisa mamiriro ekunze, kutaurirana kwepasirese, kutsvaga nekununura. "

Sezvo uyu uri musika unoramba uchikura une chinhu chinoratidza kuti chakakosha kune huwandu hwevanhu, mukana wekumisa kuzere kwekutangwa kwesatellite mu orbit haugone. Naizvozvo, imwe yemhinduro dzinogoneka dzekudzikamisa mibairo uye dambudziko rinobvira remamiriro ekunze kungave kudzikamisa zvinodiwa uye kutakura zvinhu zvemuchadenga, pamwe nekushanda patsvagurudzo nekunyora mitemo yepasi rose kuchengetedza munda uyu pasina kukonzera kukuvara kukuru mune ramangwana.

Onawo:

Kuvhurwa kweSatellite kuchaitwa kuburikidza nekuvhurwa munguva pfupi.

Elon Musk achatumira vanhu kuMars mukati memakore gumi.

Source: DEWESoft, Live Live Science, Satellite Map, The Guardian