The 2m2k3r
Masvondo achangopfuura, pasi rose rakateya zvikuru sarudzo dzemuAmerica dzekuona kuti ndiyani achatungamira nyika. Masvomhu, Democrat Joe Biden Akatosarudzwa, asi kuverengerwa kwemavhoti kunoenderera uye kunofanirwa kutora mamwe mazuva mashoma, kudzamara nyika dzese dzapedza kuverenga. 154s67
Kune vekuBrazil, uku kunonoka mumhedzisiro chinhu chekare. Kubva pa muchina wekuvhota wemagetsi yakatangwa muna 1996, iyo Brazilian electoral system inogona kuburitsa zvakabuda musarudzo mumaawa mashoma. Muna 2018, semuenzaniso, mumaawa asingasviki matatu vanhu vese vaitoziva kuti Jair Bolsonaro akasarudzwa semutungamiri weBrazil.
Maererano nedata kubva ku TSE (Superior Electoral Court), vanhu vekuBrazil vanosvika miriyoni zana nemakumi mana nemasere vanokodzera kuvhota musarudzo dzemanisipala dza 148. Dzichaitwa mumativi maviri, nguva pfupi yapfuura 2020pm Brasília nguva, ndipo panopera kuvhota, vagari vese vachaziva kuti makanzura achange aumba makanzuru, pamwe ne vachakwikwidza musarudzo dzemameya vachasarudzwa kana kuti vachakwikwidza kechipiri.
Kuziva kuti kuchine zvakawanda zvekuda kuziva nezve nhoroondo yemuchina wekuvhota wemagetsi, iyo showmetech akaita chinyorwa chakakosha chinotsanangura nhoroondo yemuchina uyu uye kuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa chinobvumira kuvhota mumasekonzi mashoma.
Muchina wekuvhota wemagetsi wakasvika sei? 6lf2j
Kuti utaure nezve muchina wekuvhota wemagetsi, zvinodikanwa kurongedza nhoroondo yeBrazil ichangoburwa, kudzokera kuma1980, apo hudzvanyiriri hwemauto hwakapera. Munguva yehutongi, vavhoti vaisakwanisa kuvhotera mutungamiri wenyika. Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi ndipo pakabuda mafambiro akakurumbira, akadai saDiretas Já, aida mavhoti emutungamiri wenyika akananga munyika.
Muna 1985, hudzvanyiriri hwemauto hwakadonha uye Brazil yakadzokera kudemokrasi. Saka, kuburikidza nebhiri, TSE yakasarudza kumisa mhando yedatabase yemagetsi ine ruzivo rwevavhoti vese vekuBrazil vanopfuura makore gumi nematanhatu.
Inozivikanwa se "Kunyoreswa Kwevavhoti Yenyika”, bato iri rakaita kuti hurongwa hwesarudzo hukwanise kugadzira gwaro rinoratidza huwandu hwevanhu munzvimbo dzekuvhotera, zvatinoziva se. kunyoresa kuvhota.
“Law 7.444/1985 isati yatanga kushanda, pakange paine makakatanwa mazhinji maererano nekuendeswa kwekadhi resarudzo. MuElectoral Codes ye1932 na1935, gwaro racho rakaunzwa mumunhu, kana kune ani nani akariunza akasaina risiti yekuburitswa kwaro. Izvi zvakanetesa hurongwa, sezvo pakanga pasina chivimbo chekuti siginicha yakanyorera kuendeswa kana kupihwa kwezita raive remugari zvechokwadi”
Iyo TSE yakataura muchirevo chekupemberera makore makumi matatu egwaro iri.
Kuitwa kwerejista iyi kwakaita kuti nyika ikwanise kuita sarudzo dzeConstituent Assembly muna 1986 kugadzira Bumbiro idzva reBrazil. Muna 1987, vanhu vekuBrazil vakasarudza 594 vatevedzeri vemubatanidzwa uye mamwe maseneta makumi masere nemaviri kuti vaumbe National Congress yakanga yakavharwa muna 82, panguva yeAI-1968 (Institutional Act nº5), yakapepetwa naMarshal Costa e Silva, purezidhendi panguva iyoyo.
Muna 1988, Bumbiro reBrazil rakanga ragadzirira uye zvino, chaizvoizvo, rakadzorera masimba akazara kuvanhu uye rakaparadzanisa masangano eBrazil, sezvazvakaita mune democracy: Executive, Legislative and Judiciary.
“Munyika ine mamirioni makumi matatu, zviuru makumi mana nezvishanu vasingagoni kuverenga nokunyora, 30 muzana inoshatirisa yevagari vemo, zvinokosha kuziva kuti kuva mugari wenyika kunotanga nearufabheti. Takasvika, takamirira Constitution semurindi anomirira mambakwedza. Rudzi rwakatirayira kuti tiite basa. Takazviita nerudo, kushandisa uye pasina kutya”
Hurukuro yakaitwa nemutungamiri weNational Constituent Assembly, Ulysses Guimarães, muna 1987, pakushambadzwa kweChata.
MuSanta Catarina, mutongi anoedza kuvhota kwemagetsi 4j551y
Zvisinei nekutangazve sarudzo dzakananga, pakanonoka kuverenga mavhoti. Mukati meSanta Catarina, achitora mukana wekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, mutongi aida kuyedza nehurongwa hwaizoita sarudzo otomatiki uye kuita kuti hurongwa huve nyore.
Aimbove mutongi Carlos Prudêncio, uyo panguva iyoyo aitarisira 5th Zone yeRegional Electoral Court yeSanta Catarina, akakumbira dare repamusoro soro rekushandisa musarudzo dzemuna 1989, muguta reBrusque, mudziyo waakagadzira nawo. mukoma wake, Roberto Prudêncio.
Chishandiso chakaunganidzwa nevaviri, chinoratidzika sechisina kufanana nezvatinoziva nhasi, chakange chatoshandiswa kare, asi kwete zviri pamutemo, sekuedzwa.
Mumuenzaniso uyu, vavhoti vakazadza vhoti yepepa, iyo yakabva yasimbiswa pamushini une muverengi wekuona, wakafanana nemichina inosimbisa mitambo yerotari yemubatanidzwa, uye yaifanira kuiswa mubhokisi rekuvhota.
Sezvo wakanga uri muedzo, vavhoti vaifanira kuvhota mumatanho maviri kuti sarudzo ibvumidzwe: kutanga vaivhota nenzira yechinyakare, kupfurikidza nokuvhota nemaoko; ndokuzovhota nemagetsi.
Pakapera kutenderera, dare resarudzo redunhu rakaverenga mavhoti ese uye akaenzana, zvichiratidza kuti nzira itsva iyi yaive isina njodzi uye inoshanda. Zvakare, maneja weBrusque aive nemukurumbira wenyika nekuwanda kwemavhoti munhoroondo yenyika, kusvika panguva iyoyo.
Asi kubudirira kwe CEV (Electronic Vote Collector), sekudanwa kwayakaitwa, kwakanga kusina kukwana kuti gadziriro iyi ishandiswe muBrazil yose. Nokudaro, nhaurirano pamusoro pekushandiswa kwetekinoroji dzakaremara kweanenge makore mana.
TSE inogadzira iyo yemagetsi vhoti yekugadzirisa system 1012b
Muna 1994, TSE yakagadzira nzira yemagetsi yekugadzirisa mavhoti, kubatanidza matare ematunhu edunhu rega rega, ichipa kugona kukuru mukuparadzira mhedzisiro yesarudzo. Vatungamiri veGurukota Sepúlveda Pertence vakagadzira network yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuzivisa Fernando Henrique Cardoso seakakunda pamberi pa23pm, mudanho rekutanga rekuita sarudzo dzedigital.
"Muhupenyu hwangu, takagadzira zvivakwa zvinodiwa kuti tifunge nezvekuvhota kwemagetsi, iyo yaive kusikwa kweNational Electoral Justice network", akadaro gurukota mumushumo weTV Justiça.
Zvimiro zvemagetsi ekuvhota muchina k54j
Chirongwa chebhokisi rekuvhota remagetsi chakatanga kuongororwa gore raitevera, apo dare pacharo, iro rava kutungamirwa naGurukota Carlos Velloso, rakasarudza kugadzira vhoti nekombiyuta uye kushandisa michina kuti vavhoti vavhote.
Pachirongwa ichi, TSE yakagadza boka renyanzvi rinoumbwa nevatongi, nyanzvi dzeTekinoroji yeruzivo uye vashandi vesangano. Munguva iyi, kuronga kwakatanga bhokisi rekuvhota rakasangana nezvimwe zvinodiwa: kurwisana nekusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze, kusununguka kwekutakura uye kuchengetedzwa kwekuvhota kwakavimbiswa.
Nokudaro, neprojekti yakagadzirira, dare rakabata tendero yeruzhinji kuhaya kambani yaizounganidza mudziyo, maererano neruzivo rwuripo. Iyo yekuBrazil OMNITECH yakahwina tenda iyo yakakwikwidzwa neAmerican Unysis neMicrobase, zvakare yenyika.
Mukati mekambani, boka rakaunganidza yekutanga yeBrazilian electronic voting machine yakazozivikanwa se "vashanu ninjas". Izvi zvinodaro nekuti nyanzvi nhatu dzaive dzekuMabvazuva uye timu yese yakashanda muchivande sevhisi.
Chirongwa ichi chaisanganisira zvakawanda, zvakagadzirirwa kutambira vhoti yemuvhoti chero upi zvake. Muenzaniso weizvi ndiko kurongwa kwenhamba pamidziyo, iyo iri muchimiro chimwe chetecho nerunhare kuti vanhu vasingagoni kurava vazive zviri nyore.
Mabhatani ane mavara nehukuru hwakasiyana kuitira kuti kuvhota kuve nyore uye kunoita kuti zvive nyore kune chero muvhoti wekuBrazil. Uyezve, kubva pakutanga, zvishandiso zvaive nenhamba dzeBraille, iyo yaibvumira kuvhota nevanhu vasingaone, uye, mune ramangwana, vaive nerutsigiro rwemahedhifoni vachifunga nezvehuwandu hwekunzwa.
Muna 2000, manenji ese akatanga kuve nekombiyuta 6x371f
Sarudzo dzemakanzuru, zvakare, ndiyo yaive nhanho yekufambira mberi muhurongwa hwesarudzo. Musarudzo dzemuna 2000, vavhoti mumatunhu ese eBrazil vakakwanisa kusarudza mameya nemakanzura vachishandisa bhokisi rekuvhotera remagetsi, izvo zvakaita kuti Brazil ive nyika ine sarudzo dzakanyatsoshandiswa nemakombiyuta.
Mabhokisi ekuvhota aive neoperating system inonzi VirtuOS izvo zvaivimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwemavhoti uye kuverenga nekukurumidza, pakangopera kutenderera. Ne rhythm yakafanana, musarudzo dze2002, vavhoti vakasarudza mumiriri mutsva vachishandisa michina yemagetsi. Asi, kuti zvizadzise izvi, iyo TSE yakafunga kushandura sisitimu yekushandisa kuita iyo Windows CE.
Sezvakatsanangurwa naPedro Antônio Dourado Rezende, purofesa paYunivhesiti yeBrasília, chinyorwa yeBrazilian Society for the Progress of Science: "Windows CE ihurongwa husinganzwike, nekuda kwehukuru hwayo uye matipi ayo Microsoft inoshandisa kuita kuti zviome kunzwisisa kunobva kodhi yezvigadzirwa zvayo."
Nokudaro, sarudzo yakaitwa, zvakare kubudirira, uye bhokisi rekuvhota remagetsi rakava nzira yekare yekuvhota muBrazil. Mumakore akatevera, zvimwe zvigadziriso zvakaitwa, asi nguva dzose nechikonzero chekuchengeteka.
Muna 2003, mushure mekukakavadzana kwakawanda pamusoro pekudhinda, Digital Vote Registry yakavambwa. Nerekodhi iyi, vhoti yega yega yakasainwa nedigital, yega, izvo zvakavatendera kuverengerwa kana zvichidikanwa.
NeRDV, iyo TSE yakaisa encryption yakavakirwa paasymmetric kiyi, ichivimbisa huchokwadi uye kuvanzika kwevhoti yega yega yakanyoreswa mubhokisi rekuvhota. Zvino, panopera sarudzo imwe neimwe, mavhoti anowedzerwa oiswa pabhokisi rekuvhota, pasina kuzivikanwa kwevavhoti.
Muna 2007, SERPRO (Federal Data Processing Service), sangano reveruzhinji rakabatana neBazi reEconomy, rakazivisa imwezve shanduko mumashandiro emuchina. Panguva ino, mabhokisi ekuvhota aizovimba neLinux, iri yemahara rezinesi software uye inobvumira mushandisi kugadzirisa.
"Kutsiva uku kunozopedzisira kwawedzera kuvimbika kwesarudzo, sezvo kutsiva masisitimu azvino anoshandiswa neLinux chinhu chiri kufambisa kuburitsa hurongwa hwayo hwakazara, kusanganisira nepakati, pasina kuomerwa nehunyanzvi hwevagadziri." Ini ndinoti SERPRO mune chirevo.
Naizvozvo, musarudzo dzemuna 2008, mabhokisi ekuvhota zviuru mazana mana nemakumi matatu ari kushandiswa munyika akagadziridzwa kuita hurongwa hwakanyatsogadzirwa neTSE, iyo yakasimudzira kuchengetedzwa kwakanyanya mukuita kwedemokrasi.
Kubva ipapo, hurongwa hwesarudzo hwakangovandudzwa uye shanduko shoma dzakaitwa. Asi data rese resarudzo rinoratidza kukosha kwakaita bhokisi rekuvhota kune chokwadi chekondinendi yeBrazil, iyo, vachishandisa dzimwe nzira, zvingatora mazuva kuti sarudzo dzipere.
“Zvichionekwa sesarudzo huru kupfuura dzose, sarudzo dzemuna 2014 dzakashandisa mabhokisi ekuvhota anoda kusvika hafu yemiriyoni kunyoresa mavhoti evaBrazil 115 miriyoni vakapinda musarudzo. Muchikamu chekutanga, nguva yekuverenga uye kuverengera mavhoti yaive rekodhi: na19:56:28 p.m. zvaigoneka kuziva mhedzisiro yemasvomhu, paine 91% yemavhoti anoshanda akaverengerwa.
Chirevo kubva kuSuperior Electoral Court, mushure mesarudzo dza2014
Biometrics 5t5c3u
Chakanyanya kukosha kwaive kuuya kwebiometrics muna 2008, nechinangwa chekupa vimbiso yekuzivikanwa kwevavhoti panguva yekuvhota, zvichibva pane zvakanyoreswa kudare resarudzo.
Kubva ipapo, TSE yanga ichishanda kuita biometric system uye, musarudzo dzapfuura, yanga yatoshandiswa mumaguta mazhinji eBrazil. Dare rakanga rafanotaura kuti sarudzo dza2020 dzainge dzatove nehurongwa hwekusungirwa, zvisinei, nekuda kwedenda idzva re coronavirus, izvi hazvigoneke.
Tarisiro yedare iri ndeyekuti, musarudzo dzinotevera, vanhu vese vekuBrazil vachazvizivisa panzvimbo yekuvhotera vachishandisa mabiometric.
2020 modhi yemagetsi ekuvhota michina 1e5468
Kusvika 2020, kambani yakagadzira michina yekuvhota yemagetsi yaive Diebold Brasil, iyo yakahwina mabhidhi apfuura uye yakahwina kodzero yakasarudzika yekugadzira michina. Kutanga gore rino, mabhokisi matsva evhoti achagadzirwa nePositivo, iyo yakahwina mumakwikwi ekupedzisira nemari inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika mamiriyoni mazana manomwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe nepfumbamwe.
"Chinangwa cheTSE ndechekuwana michina yekuvhota inosvika zviuru zana nemakumi masere yekutsiva chikamu chepaki tekinoroji, iyo parizvino ine zviuru mazana mana nemakumi manomwe ezviuru munyika yose. Urns dzakagadzirwa muna 180 na470, dzine hupenyu hunobatsira hwapera, dzinoda kuchinjwa nemhando itsva. Mamiriro ezvinhu, zvisinei, haapindire mukushanda kuzere kwemafambisirwo esarudzo, sezvo dare reElectoral Court parizvino rine zvikamu zvakakwana kuita sarudzo”, rinodaro dare.
Kuchengetedzwa kwemichina yekuvhota yemagetsi 36i4b
Hazvisi nhasi izvozvo kushoropodzwa kunotenderera, vazhinji venhema, pamusoro peBrazilian electronic voting machine. Vezvematongerwo enyika kubva kumapato akasiyana vanoti zvinokwanisika kuwana michina nekubiridzira sarudzo.
Muna 2018, aimiririra Jair Bolsonaro, achiri kuita mushandirapamwe, akaburitsa vhidhiyo achishoropodza michina iyi, achitaura nezve mukana wekubiridzira musarudzo dzakazomuti akunda.
TSE, zvakare, yakaraira Google neFacebook kuti dzibvise vhidhiyo uye mushure mechikamu, chatosarudzwa, Bolsonaro akakumbira ruregerero kumakurukota eTSE uye akataura kuti vhidhiyo iyi yakaburitswa mukupisa kwesarudzo.
Pamusoro pevezvematongerwo enyika, kune nyanzvi dzinoshoropodza mudziyo uyu, saDiego Aranha, nyanzvi yekunyora nekuchengetedza digital. Nyanzvi ndeimwe yevanonyanya kubvunza bhokisi rekuvhota uye mumwe wevadziviriri vevhoti yakadhindwa nekunyoresa kwedhijitari.
Nekudaro, kunyangwe kushoropodzwa, kuvandudzwa kwebhokisi rekuvhota remagetsi rinopfuura nenzira yakasimba yekuchengetedza, iyo inosimudzira akati wandei matanho e. kuchengetedzwa kwevhoti, sezvinoratidzwa pasi apa:
Public Security Test 296c
Danho guru rekuchengetedza bhokisi rekuvhota iPublic Security Test, inoitika mugore risati raitwa sarudzo. Muedzo wakagadzirwa neTSE kuti uwane matambudziko kana kusasimba muhurongwa hwesarudzo.
Mariri, iyo yakavhurika kune veruzhinji, maBrazilians anopfuura 18 anogona kuyedza kutsvaga kusagona kwebhokisi rekuvhota uye zvikamu zvaro zvinogona kupindira mukuita.
Muedzo uyu unosungirwa uye unopihwa mukarenda yesarudzo yeBrazil. Kana paine kukanganisa kwakawanikwa, nekuda kwechinhambwe kubva kusarudzo, nyanzvi dzeTSE dzinogona kugadzirisa hurongwa, sezvo huchapedzwa chete panguva yekuisa chisimbiso.
Digital siginecha uye kuiswa chisimbiso kwehurongwa 2o2k1d
Imwe nhanho yekuchengetedzwa kwesarudzo ndeye cerimony of asiginicha ddigital uye lkuita kwemaitiro. Izvi zvinotora mazuva makumi maviri sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa uye dzine chinangwa chekupa hurongwa hwesarudzo huchashandiswa musarudzo, zvichipa kuti hurongwa hwesarudzo huve nehunhu hwakakura.
Vamiriri kubva kumasangano akasiyana-siyana ehurumende vanotora chikamu mariri, seOAB (Brazilian Bar Association), MP (Public Ministry) nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika.
Pamhemberero, dare rinounganidza mapurogiramu emakombiyuta; kugadzirwa kweheshi pfupiso, rudzi rwekodhi yekudzokorora mavhoti; digital siginecha yehurongwa; uye, pakupedzisira, kurekodha masisitimu pane midhiya.
Mushure mekunge maitiro aya apera, mudziyo wega wega unogamuchira chisimbiso kubva kuBrazilian Mint uye unochengetwa mumakamuri esarudzo.
Masisitimu ese anoshandiswa mukuita izvi ndeekushandiswa chete kweTSE, saka, anogona chete kuvhurwa pamakomputa eiyo institution nekuisa ma ekuita activation.
Cryptography 3p2b2b
Kufanana nedata rakawanda redhijitari, ruzivo kubva kumichina yekuvhota yemagetsi inovharirwa mukuita kunosanganisira akati wandei chengetedzo. Masisitimu anoshandiswa muBrazil anonyadzisa data rakanyorwa pamichina, iyo inongodzoserwa shure nemvumo yevakuru vesarudzo, sevatongi.
Pakupera kwekuchinja, mushure mekunge mutungamiri wechikamu avhara vhoti, bhokisi rekuvhota pacharo rinoita zvinopesana nekufamba, decryption, kuita kuti data kubva mukamuri iyoyo ivepo, sezvatichataura nezvazvo gare gare.
Hapana Indaneti 6u6g3v
Mumwe wemisiyano yemuchina wekuvhota wemagetsi wekuBrazil ndewekuti hauna chinongedzo cheinternet. Nenzira iyi, iyo data yakanyorwa pamidziyo inochengetwa pamemori kadhi inotumirwa kunzvimbo yesarudzo mushure mekuvhota.
Uku kushaikwa kweinternet kunovimbisa kuparadzaniswa kwemidziyo, pasina kusangana nechimwe chigadziriso chemagetsi chinoita kuti zvikwanise kushandura marekodhi ebhokisi rekuvhota.
Parallel kuvhota 6g1j1o
Nemusi weMugovera, zuva risati raitwa sarudzo, matare ematunhu anogadzira michina mina yekuvhota yemagetsi, zvichienderana nenyika, ichashandiswa munguva yesarudzo, kuti ichinje.
Midziyo iyi inoendeswa kumatare kuitira kuti zviremera zvitarise masiginecha edhijitari uye pfupiso yekuvhota. Nekudaro, vamiriri vemapato ezvematongerwo enyika vanokokwa kuti vapinde muchiitiko ichi, chinotorwa mifananidzo, uye vanovhotera vezvematongerwo enyika vari kumhanya kuti vaone kana sarudzo dziri kunyoresa vanhu vavo.
Zerésima uye Bhoti Bhoti 5666x
Pakupedzisira, panzvimbo yekuvhota, painongotangwa nemutungamiri wenyika, bhokisi rekuvhota remagetsi rinoburitsa risiti inonzi zerésima. Inozivisa huwandu hwemavhoti akanyoreswa pachigadzirwa ichocho, saka, sezvo chikamu ichi chisati chawana mavhoti, chinoda kuve neruzivo rwekuti bhokisi rekuvhotera razero.
Receipt iyi inofanira kusiiwa pamusuwo weimba yekuvhotera, ichiwanikwa nevavhoti vose kuitira kuti vaone kuti, pakavhurwa bhokisi revavhoti, pakanga pasina mavhoti akanyoreswa.
Pakupera kwemusangano, mutungamiri mumwe chete anovhara vhoti uye anodhinda bhokisi rekuvhota. Gwaro iri rine pfupiso yemavhoti ese akarekodhwa pamudziyo, kusanganisira akakunda musarudzo yechikamu ichocho.
Gwaro rine data rinotevera: mavhoti akazara nebato; mavhoti akazara pamunhu wese; nhamba yese yevhoti isingashande uye isina chinhu; vhoti yakazara; kuzivikanwa kwechikamu uye nzvimbo yesarudzo; nguva yekuvhara sarudzo; kodhi yemukati yemuchina wekuvhota wemagetsi; uye kutevedzana kwemavara kusimbisa bulletin.
Inowanikwawo kune vamiriri vemapato ezvematongerwo enyika, pamusoro pekuwanikwa kune veruzhinji gare gare kuburikidza neinternet.
Kune purezidhendi aripo weTSE, gurukota Luís Roberto Barroso, kushandiswa kwemichina yekuvhota yemagetsi kunoita kuti sarudzo dzeBrazil dzichene. Mubvunzurudzo ichangoburwa nevatori venhau, mutongi akayeuka kuti tekinoroji yeBrazil iripo kubvira 1996 uye chikamu chimwe chete chehunyengeri chinosanganisira michina haina kumbobvira yanyorwa.
“Kusvika pari zvino iwo [mabhokisi ekuvhota] aratidza kuva akavimbika, kusiyana nezvakaitika pakuvhota kwemapepa, apo pakadhindwa hutsotsi hwakawanda. Naizvozvo, kudzamara mumwe munhu andiunzira chimwe chinhu chinoratidza zvimwe, ndinovimba nehurongwa hwedu hwekuvhota.
