The 2m2k3r
Uropi hwako hune maseru anosvika bhiriyoni zana anonzi ma neuron - tuma switch tudiki tunokuita kuti ufunge nekurangarira zvinhu. Makomputa ane mabhiriyoni ema“brain cells” zvakare. Iwo anonzi transistors uye anogadzirwa kubva kusilicon, kemikari chinhu chinowanikwa mujecha. Transistors vakachinja zvemagetsi kubvira pavakagadzirwa anopfuura hafu yezana ramakore rapfuura John Bardeen, Walter Brattain e William Shockley. Asi chii chinonzi transistor uye inoshanda sei? 2r4g6q
Zvinoita transistor 3o4y2a
A transistor zvose zviri nyore uye zvakaoma zvikuru. Ngatitangei nechikamu chakareruka: chinhu chidiki chemagetsi chinogona kuita mabasa maviri akasiyana, kushanda seamplifier kana switch.
Kana ichishanda seamplifier, inogamuchira diki yemagetsi ikozvino kune imwe mugumo (inopinza ikozvino) uye inoburitsa yakakura kwazvo magetsi ikozvino (inobuda ikozvino) kune imwe. Mune mamwe mazwi, imhando yechiratidzo chekusimudzira.
Izvi zvinobatsira zvakanyanya mumidziyo yakaita seyamuro yekunzwa, chimwe chezvinhu zvekutanga zvakashandiswa transistors. Chiyamuro chokunzwa chine maikorofoni diki inotora ruzha kubva munyika yakakupoteredza uye inoachinja kuva mafungu emagetsi anochinja-chinja.
Ivo vanodyiswa mune transistor inovatyaira uye inodhiraivha diki mutauri, saka iwe unonzwa vhezheni yakakura kwazvo yemanzwi akakupoteredza.
William Shockley, mumwe wevakagadzira transistor, akambotsanangura transistor amplifiers kuvadzidzi nenzira inosetsa:
“Kana ukatora bhero reuswa worisungirira kumuswe wenyurusi, wobva warovera machisi mubhero riri kupfuta, uye kana ukaenzanisa simba rakabva rashandiswa nenyurusi nesimba rawakashandisa pakutanga mutambo, uchanzwisisa pfungwa yekuwedzera. "
William Shockley, mumwe wevakagadzira transistor
Transistors inogonawo kushanda sema switch. Mhepo diki yemagetsi inoyerera nechikamu chimwe che transistor inogona kuita yakakura zvikuru ikozvino kuyerera nepakati pechimwe chikamu chayo. Mune mamwe mazwi, diki ikozvino inotendeukira kune hombe.
Aya ndiwo mashandiro anoita ese machipisi emakombuta. Semuenzaniso, memory chip ine mazana emamiriyoni kana mabhiriyoni ematransistors, imwe neimwe inogona kubatidzwa kana kudzimwa yega.
Sezvo imwe neimwe transistor inogona kuva mumatunhu maviri akasiyana, inogona kuchengeta nhamba mbiri dzakasiyana, zero uye imwe. Nemabhiriyoni ematransistors, chip inogona kuchengeta mabhiriyoni emazero uye mamwe, uye dzinenge dzakawanda nhamba dzakawanda uye mavara (kana mavara, sezvatinoadaidza).
Chinhu chikuru pamusoro pemichina yekare yaive yekuti waigona kuiparadzanisa kuti uone kuti inoshanda sei. Izvo hazvina kumbonyanya kuoma, nekusundidzira zvishoma apa uye kupuruzira ipapo, kuona kuti chii chakaita uye sei chimwe chinhu chakatungamira kune chimwe. Asi zvemagetsi zvakasiyana zvachose.
Electronics inodzidza kushandiswa kwemaerekitironi kudzora magetsi. Erekitironi kachikamu kadiki mukati meatomu. Idiki zvekuti inorema zvishoma pasi pe0,000000000000000000000000000001 kg! Ma transistors epamusoro anoshanda nekudzora mafambiro emagetsi ega ega - saka unogona kufungidzira kuti idiki sei.
Pakombiyuta yemazuva ano chip, saizi yechipikiri, ungangowana ari pakati pe500 miriyoni nemabhiriyoni maviri akasiyana transistors. Iko hakuna mukana wekutora transistor parutivi kuti tizive kuti inoshanda sei, saka isu tinofanirwa kuinzwisisa nedzidziso uye fungidziro. Kutanga, tinofanira kuziva kuti transistor inogadzirwa nei.
Iyo transistor inogadzirwa sei 246m28
Transistors inogadzirwa kubva kusilicon, chinhu chemakemikari chinowanikwa mujecha chinowanzo kusaita magetsi (hachitenderi maerekitironi kuyerera nyore). Silicon is semiconductor, zvinoreva kuti haisi kondakita (chimwe chinhu chakaita sesimbi inoita kuti magetsi afambe), kana insulator (chimwe chinhu chakafanana nepurasitiki inomisa kuyerera kwemagetsi).
Kana tikabata silicon netsvina (maitiro anozivikanwa se doping), tinogona kuita kuti zvibate nenzira yakasiyana. Kana tikashandisa silicon nemakemikari arsenic, phosphorus kana antimony, iyo silicon inowana mamwe "emahara" maerekitironi - ayo anogona kutakura magetsi emagetsi - kuitira kuti maerekitironi afambe zvakanyanya.
Nokuti maerekitironi ane mhosva yakaipa, silicon inobatwa nenzira iyi inonzi mhando n (negative type). Isu tinogona zvakare kushandisa silicone nezvimwe zvitsvina, senge boron, gallium uye aluminium. Silicon inobatwa nenzira iyi ine mashoma eaya "emahara" maerekitironi, saka maerekitironi ari mumidziyo iri pedyo anowanzo kuyerera mairi. Tinodaidza rudzi urwu rwe p-mhando silicon (yakanaka rudzi).
Nekudaro, zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti kana iyo silicon in mhando n kana iyo p-mhando zvine chaji mazviri: ese ari maviri ane kwaakarerekera pamagetsi. Ichokwadi kuti n-mhando silicon ine mamwe "emahara" maerekitironi anowedzera conductivity yayo, nepo p-mhando silicon ine mashoma emahara maerekitironi, ayo anobatsira kuwedzera conductivity yayo neimwe nzira.
Muchiitiko chega chega, iyo yekuwedzera conductivity inobva pakuwedzera maatomu ekusarerekera (asina chaja) kusilicon, iyo yaive isina kwayakarerekera pakutanga - uye isu hatigone kugadzira machaji emagetsi kunze kwemhepo! Tsananguro yakadzama ingada kuti ndiunze zano rinodaidzwa kuti band theory, iri zvishoma kudarika chiyero chechinyorwa chino. Chatinongofanira kuyeuka ndechekuti “maerekitironi ekuwedzera” zvinoreva maerekitironi ekuwedzera-aya anogona kufamba akasununguka uye anobatsira kutakura magetsi.
Silicone Sandwiches 5t5j9
Kune marudzi maviri akasiyana esilicon. Kana tikaaisa pamwe chete, tichigadzira masangweji e-p-type uye n-type zvinhu, tinogona kugadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvikamu zvemagetsi zvinoshanda nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
Ngatitii tinobatana nechidimbu chesilicon sechidimbu chesilicon sep uye toisa magetsi emagetsi kumativi ose. Zvinhu zvinofadza uye zvinobatsira zvinotanga kuitika panosangana zvinhu zviviri izvi.
Kana tikabatidza yazvino, tinokwanisa kuita kuti maerekitironi ayerere achiyambuka mharadzano kubva kudivi rerudzi rwen kuenda kudivi rep-type uye kubuda kuburikidza nedunhu. Izvi zvinoitika nekuti kushaikwa kwemaerekitironi kudivi rep-rudzi rwemuchinjiko kunokwezva maerekitironi kubva kudivi ren-rudzi zvichipesana.
Asi kana tikadzosera kumashure ikozvino, maerekitironi haazoyerera. Zvatagadzira pano zvinonzi diode (kana rectifier). Icho chikamu chemagetsi chinobvumira ikozvino kuyerera munzira imwechete. Izvo zvinobatsira kana iwe uchida kushandura alternating (mbiri-nzira) yemagetsi ikozvino kuita yakananga (imwe-nzira) ikozvino.
Diodes anogonawo kugadzirwa kuitira kuti abudise chiedza kana magetsi achiyerera nemaari. Aya ma-light-emitting diode (LEDs) atove aripo muTV skrini, monitors, smartphones uye mahwendefa uye masikirini (uye kunyangwe mumarambi), achipa mufananidzo wemhando yepamusoro uye kugadzira yakaderera simba rekushandisa pane matekinoroji aimboshandiswa pamhando idzi dzemidziyo. .
Mashandiro eTransistors mumakombuta 5x3o4h
Mukuita, haufanirwe kuziva chero chinhu nezve maerekitironi nemagetsi zvakazara kunze kwekunge wagadzira machipisi emakombuta kuti urarame. Zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive ndezvekuti transistor inoshanda senge amplifier kana switch, uchishandisa diki ikozvino kubatidza amplifier. Asi pane chimwe chinhu chakakosha kuziva: zvese izvi zvinobatsira sei makomputa kuchengetedza ruzivo uye kuita sarudzo?
Isu tinokwanisa kuisa mamwe ma transistor switch pamwe chete kugadzira chimwe chinhu chinodaidzwa kuti logic gedhi, iro rinofananidza akasiyana ekuisa macurrents uye rinopa kubuda kwakasiyana semhedzisiro. Logic magedhi anobvumira makomputa kuita sarudzo dzakareruka achishandisa masvomhu anonzi boolean algebra.
Uropi hwako hunoita sarudzo nenzira imwechete. Semuyenzaniso, uchishandisa “zvinopinza” (zvinhu zvaunoziva) nezvemamiriro ekunze uye zvisungo zvako, unogona kuita sarudzo seizvi: “Kana kuchinaya. E Ndine amburera, ndichaenda kumusika." Uyu muenzaniso weBoolean algebra uchishandisa inonzi AND "operator" (izwi rekuti opareta ingori chidimbu chemasvomhu jargon kuita kuti zvinhu zvinzwike zvakaoma kupfuura zvazviri).
Iwe unogona kuita sarudzo dzakafanana nevamwe vatengesi. “Kana kune mhepo OU Kuri chando, saka ndichapfeka jasi” muenzaniso wekushandisa mushandisi OR. Kana kuti sei “Kana kuchinaya E Ndine amburera OU Ndine jasi, saka zvakanaka kuti ndibude.”
Uchishandisa AND, OR, nemamwe maoperator anonzi NOR, XOR, NOT, uye NAND, makomputa anogona kuwedzera kana kuenzanisa nhamba dzebhinari. Iyi pfungwa ndiyo ibwe rekona rezvirongwa zvekombuta: inonzwisisika yakatevedzana yemirairo inoita kuti makomputa aite marudzi ese emabasa.
Kazhinji, junction transistor "yakadzimwa" kana pasina hwaro hwemazuva ano uye inoshandura ku "pa" kana hwaro hwezvino huchiyerera. Izvi zvinoreva kuti magetsi anodiwa kuti avhare kana kudzima transistor.
Asi ma transistors seaya anogona kubatanidzwa nemagedhi elogic kuitira kuti zvinobuda pazvibatanidza zvidzokere kune zvazvinopinza. Iyo transistor inoramba iripo kunyangwe iyo base ikozvino yabviswa. Nguva imwe neimwe iyo nheyo itsva inoyerera, iyo transistor "inotendeuka" kana kudzima.
Iyo inoramba iri mune imwe yeiyi yakagadzikana nyika (yakabatidzwa kana kudzima) kudzamara imwe yazvino yaoneka uye yatendeuka imwe nzira. Iyi mhando yegadziriro inozivikanwa seflip-flop uye inoshandura transistor kuita iri nyore ndangariro mudziyo inochengeta zero (kana yakadzimwa) kana imwe (kana ichibatidzwa). Flip-flops ndiyo yakakosha tekinoroji ki kwekombuta memory chips.
Ndiani angadai akafunga kuti chikamu chiduku chakadaro chichava nemhosva kune yakawanda kwazvo yezvigadzirwa zvedu zvemazuva ano? Dai pasina zviri nyore asi zvine simba zvema transistors, ungadai usiri kuverenga chinyorwa ichi nhasi.
